1. Chapter 4 Police in Society: History and Organization

2. Learning Objectives
Describe how law enforcement developed in feudal England
Summarize characteristics of the first law enforcement agencies
Discuss the development of law enforcement in the United States
Analyze the problems of early police agencies
Discuss how reformers attempted to create professional police agencies

3. Learning Objectives
Describe the major changes in law enforcement between 1970 and today
Be familiar with the major federal law enforcement agencies
Summarize the differences among state, county, and local law enforcement
Explain the role of technology in police work

4. The History of Police
Origins of police traced to early English society
Before 1066 BCE:
Pledge System - families banded together for protection
Prior to the thirteenth Century in England:
Shires
Similar to counties
Reeves
Appointed to supervise the territory

5. The History of Police In the thirteenth Century England: In 1326:
Watch system
Employed watchmen to protect against robberies, fires, and disturbances
In 1326:
The office of the Justice of the Peace was created

6. Private Police and Thief Takers
During early eighteenth century:
Rising crime rates encouraged and new form of private, monied police who profited from legal and illegal conduct as informal police departments
These private police were referred to as “Thief Takers”

7. Creating Public Police
1829: Sir Robert Peel, England’s home secretary lobbied an “Act for Improving the Police in and near the Metropolis” Established the first organized police force in London with over 1,000 men
By 1856, all boroughs and counties in England were required to form their own police force

8. Law Enforcement in Colonial America
Paralleled British model
County Sheriff
Collecting taxes, supervising elections, and performing other matters of business
Instead of patrolling or seeking out crime, the Sheriff reacted to citizens’ complaints and investigated crimes

9. Early Police Agencies
Boston created first formal U.S. police dept. in 1838
New York Police – 1844
Philadelphia Police – 1854
Conflict between police and the public was born in the difficulty that untrained, unprofessional officers had in patrolling the streets of cities and controlling labor disputes

10. Early Police Agencies Police during the nineteenth century:
Involved foot patrols
Were regarded as incompetent and corrupt
Police agencies evolved slowly during the second half of the nineteenth century
Uniforms were introduced in New York (1853)
Communication links between precincts using telegraph (1850s)
Bicycles introduced (1897)
Primary responsibility was maintaining order

11. Policing in the Twentieth Century
The emergence of professionalism
The 1960s and Beyond
Policing in the 1970s
Policing in the 1980s
Policing in the 1990s

12. The Emergence of Professionalism
1893 International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)
Called for a civil service police force
August Vollmer
Most famous police reformer
Instituted university training for young officers
Helped to develop the school of Criminology at the University of California, at Berkeley

13. The 1960s and Beyond Turmoil and crisis in the 1960s
Supreme Court decisions impacted police
Civil rights of suspects expanded significantly
Civil unrest between the public and police
Rapidly growing crime rate in the 1960s
Both violent and property crimes increased

14. The 1970s
1970s
There were structural changes in police departments, increased federal support for criminal justice
Law Enforcement Assistance Administration provided resources:
Improved police training
Supported innovative police research
More woman and minorities were recruited for police work

15. The 1980s and 1990s
1980s
Emergence of community policing, unions fought for increase in salaries, state and local budgets were cut
1990s
Rodney King case prompted an era of
police reform
Police departments embraced forms of policing that stressed cooperation with the community and problem solving

16. Policing and Law Enforcement Today
Law Enforcement agencies are adapting to the changing nature of crime
(Ex: terrorism and internet fraud)
700,000 sworn law enforcement officers throughout these jurisdictions:
Federal
State
County
Metropolitan
Private

17. Discussion Questions What is a typical day like for a police officer?
What do officers do on boring days?

18. Crime Fighting

19. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
U.S. Justice Department Agencies:
Federal Bureau of Investigations
Drug Enforcement Administration
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives
U.S. Marshals
Department of Homeland Security Agencies:
Customs and Border Protection (CBP)
The Secret Service

20. State Law Enforcement Agencies
First agency was the Texas Rangers, created in 1835
First truly modern state police agencies:
1903 – Connecticut
1905 – Pennsylvania
State police agencies
60,000 officers and 30,000 civilians
Primarily responsible for highway patrol and traffic law enforcement

21. County Law Enforcement Agencies
Today sheriffs’ offices contain 330,000 full-time employees including 175,000 sworn personnel
Provide court security
Operate the jail system
Duties vary widely depending on size

22. Metropolitan Law Enforcement Agencies
Range in size from agencies with 40,000 officers to departments with only 1 part-time officer
Nearly 13,000 departments with over 460,000 sworn personnel
Majority of departments have fewer than 50 officers and serve a population under 25,000
Most provide a wide variety of services and functions

23. Private Policing
Private security has become a multimillion- dollar industry
10,000 firms and 1.5 million employees
People employed in private security outnumber public police by almost three to one
Privatized security costs less than public officers

24. Discussion Questions
Why do you think private security services is growing so quickly in America?
As a cost effective approach to serving their own interests, private security services have become incredibly popular with both public and private businesses. How do you see the privatization of security services impacting public policing in the future?

25. Private Security

26. Technology and Law Enforcement
There is little doubt that the influence of technology on policing will continue to grow:
Crime Mapping
License Plate Recognition Technology
Digitizing Criminal Identification
Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems
Digital Dental Records
DNA Testing

27. Future Technology Genetic algorithms Augmented Reality technology
Automated Biometric Identification System