1. REFORMATION AND RELIGIOUS WARFARE

2. Northern Renaissance: Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism  The common bond of all humanists was the knowledge of classics  Also called Christian humanists or northern humanists  discovered that religion had been distorted by theologians during the Middle Ages  They felt the classics had more morality than theology  Studied Hebrew to read original texts instead of translations

3. Humanism, yay.  Support for humanism came from all secular areas  They tried to use reason to reform the church  To change society, the humans who compose it must first be changed through education  The Reformation shattered intellectual optimism

4. Erasmus  The Handbook of the Christian Knight – Christianity could be a guiding philosophy instead of a system of dogmatic beliefs and practices  Inner piety could replace external forms of religion and return the church to simplicity  Replace sacraments, pilgrimages, fasts, saints, relics  The Praise of Folly – criticisms of the most corrupt practices of the clergy, disguised in humor  Was against reformers like Luther

5. Thomas More  Utopia – idealistic life and institutions of the community  Discusses the economic, social and political problems of the day  Proposed cooperation and reason as replacement for power and fame  Communal ownership rather than private property  Killed by King Henry VIII when he opposed the English Reformation

6. Church and Religion on the Eve of Reformation  The Clergy  High positions of the clergy were held by nobility or wealthy members of the bourgeoisie  To increase revenue officials held many offices – pluralism  Led to officials being absent from duties delegating them to priest that were underpaid and had no interest in their duties  Caused a division between higher and lower clergy

7. Popular Religion  meaningful religious expression & certainty of salvation  Mechanical view of salvation – collection of relics, indulgences to end purgatory, pilgrimages  Tranquil spirituality (popular mysticism) – deemphasized the church in favor of inner spirit and direct communion with god

8. Martin Luther  The Early Luther:  Disliked indulgences  Pope Leo X did not take him seriously calling him a “drunken German”  The development of the printing press allowed his 95 These to spread quickly around Germany  The Leipzig Debate saw Luther move beyond indulgences and deny the authority of popes and councils

9. Reformation in Germany  Address to the Nobility of the German Nation – The papacy prevented reform in three ways  Church was superior to the state  Only the pope can interpret scripture  Only the pope can call council  The Babylonian Captivity of the Church – a call for the reform on monasticism and for the clergy to marry

10. Reformation in Germany…  On the Freedom of a Christian Man – Faith alone, not good works brings salvation  Being freed by faith doesn't free you from good works  He was excommunicated in 1521 and ordered to the Diet of Worms by emperor Charles V  Martin Luther was made an outlaw within the empire

11. Development of Lutheranism  Lutheranism spread to both northern and central Germany and some free imperial cities  Peasants were still abused and taxed by the local lords and looked to Martin Luther for support in the Peasants’ War  Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants – Luther called upon German princes to “stab, smite, and slay” the peasantry  Luther felt the state and its rulers were ordained by god, and therefore against social revolutions  b. Subjects must obey their rulers and princes must end revolt  c. This was all due to Luther’s financial dependence on German princes to support the Protestant church

12. Church and State  Luther also redefined the seven sacraments of the Catholic church  Kept baptism and the Lord’s Supper  Rejected the authority of Scripture being supplemented by traditions and decrees  The Protestant church became a territory of the state  Luther denounced clerical celibacy and married a former nun

13. Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics  Holy Roman Emperor Charles V tried to unify his empire and keep it within the Catholic church  He was prevented from doing this because he constantly had to fight off the French king Francis I, and Ottoman Turk invasions  530 - Diet of Augsburg – Charles demanded that the Lutherans returned to the Catholic church

14. The Schmalkaldic League  Eight princes and eleven imperial cities created the Schmalkaldic League  The Schmalkaldic League promised to assist each other “Whenever any one of us is attacked on account of the Word of God and doctrine of Gospel"  The Schmalkaldic Wars saw Protestant princes ally with the French king, Henry II, a Catholic, to negotiate a truce  1555 – Peace of Augsburg – German states were free to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism  The division of Christianity was formally acknowledged

15. Spread of Protestant Reformation  With the support of the king and nobles, a Swedish Lutheran National Church was created  It spread to Denmark as well, with the king as head of the church  And to Norway, making Scandinavia a Lutheran stronghold run by monarchs as state-run churches  Switzerland had become politically free from the Holy Roman Empire and became governed by a loose association of 13 cantons  Six forest cantons – democratic republics  Seven urban cantons – city council oligarchies  Worked together only to survive

16. Ulrich Zwingli  a priest from a Zurich began his own reformation in Switzerland  The city council held a public debate about the unrest he caused with his preaching  Debate gave advantages to reformers as Catholics were not used to defending their teachings  Zwingli won the debate and the Catholic Church was removed  Secular authorities gained power as there was no division of authority in the town  Relics were abolished, paintings, decorations and whitewashed walls  Music was eliminated  Monasticism, pilgrimages, veneration of saints  celibacy and the pope’s authority were abolished  The urban cantons had been reformed but forest cantons remained Catholic

17. End of Zwingli  Zwingli attempted to create a league with Luther and reformers at Marburg Colloquy  Agreement was reached on everything except the interpretation of the Lord’s Supper  War between the Catholic and Protestant cantons breaks out and Zwingli is killed

18. Radical Reformation: Anabaptist  Anabaptists were a radical group that attracted the lower classes hurt by the economic changes of the time  They advocated adult baptism as a spiritual entry into the church and wanted to return to the practices of the earliest forms of Christianity  All believers were equal and each church chose its own minister from the community  Believed in separation of church and state, no gov’t. control  persecuted by Catholics and Lutherans because of their political ideas of church and state  Melchiorites – Anabaptists from Munster that believed the end of the world is at hand  Dutch Anabaptism – pacifists with strict discipline (Mennonites)

19. Reformation in England  Lollards rejected papal supremacy, and Christian humanists called for reform  The sack of Rome in 1527 made the pope dependent upon the Holy Roman Empire, Charles V, Queen Catherine’s nephew  Treason Act and the Act of Supremacy – no higher authority over England than laws made by the king and Parliament  Thomas More was tried for treason because he refused to publicly support the new laws  Monasteries were dissolved, and nobles were sold the land  Edward moved England in a more Protestant direction  Mary restored Catholicism with much opposition, but her death ended the restoration of Catholicism

20. John Calvin and Calvinism  Institutes of the Christian Religion – a manual for ecclesiastical organization that made him a the new leader of Protestantism  Like Luther he believed that faith alone would achieve salvation  Predestination – God had predestined some people to be saved and others to be damned  The elected – those that would be saved  The reprobate – those that would be damned  There were three tests that could indicate possible salvation  An open profession of faith  A “decent and godly life”  Participation in the sacraments of baptism and communion  1536 – Calvin became minister of Geneva until his death  Ecclesiastical Ordinances – established the hierarchy of the Calvinist Church (pastors, teachers, elders, deacons)

21. Social impact of Protestant Reformation  Luther argued that sex in marriage allowed one to “make use of this sex in order to avoid sin”  Protestantism ended the idea that a special holiness was placed on celibacy  The family was placed at the center of life and mutual love between man and wife was stressed  Reformers encouraged education for girls so they could read the bible and other religious literature

22. Education in the Reformation  Protestant educators used humanist methods for school  Rather than for just the elite, protestant schools needed a large audience of semi literate believers who could read the bible themselves  Luther wanted all children to have an education provided by the state  Secondary schools (gymnasium) were created to study Greek and Latin

23. Religious practices and pop culture  The elimination of saints put an end to many celebrations and religious holidays  English Puritans attempted to ban drinking in taverns, dramatic performances and dancing  Dutch Calvinists denounces giving presents to children on St. Nicholas day

24. Catholic Reformation- Counter Reformation  Tried to stop the spread of the Protestant Reformation  The Society of Jesuits – the regeneration of religious orders helped reform  Also known as Jesuits, the Society of Jesus was founded by Ignatius of Loyola  The Spiritual Exercises – a manual to exercise spiritual development  Were important for three reasons Established highly disciplined schools Borrowed freely from humanists schools for their  educational methods to educate young people on how to stop Protestantism  Spread the Catholic faith among non-Christians

25. The Council of Trent  The Council of Trent – a general council to resolve the religious differences created by the Protestant revolt  Decreed four things  Scripture and tradition were affirmed as equal authorities in religious matters as only the church could interpret scripture  Both faith and good works were declared necessary for salvation  The seven sacraments were upheld, including indulgences  Established theological seminaries for training priests

26. Politics and the Wars of Religion  The French Wars of Religion (1562 – 1598)  King Henry II was killed in a tournament and replaced by a series of weak rulers and neurotic sons dominated by their mother Catherine de’ Medici  This caused a series of civil wars in France  Religious, political, economic and social differences all contributed to the outbreak of war  French kings persecuted Huguenots (French Calvinists) to stop the spread of Protestantism  This had little impact as Huguenots came from all levels of society  40% to 50% of the Nobility became Huguenots  House of Bourbon, next in line for the throne, also became Huguenots  Noble Huguenots were a political threat to the king as they were a strong and well organized minority

27. The three Henries  War started in 1562 as the duke of Guise massacred a peaceful congregation of Huguenots  Huguenots, those smaller in number were well equipped to defend themselves, and did so during the 1560s St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 1572  Henry of Navarre (Huguenot leader), was to marry a Valois princess  Many Huguenot political leaders came to Paris to see the wedding  The Guise family persuaded the king to eliminate the Huguenot leaders all at once  A wave of violence gripped Paris for three days killing 3,000 Huguenots, including prominent leaders  Henry of Navarre saved his life be promising to turn Catholic  The ultra-Catholics formed the Holy League  Turning Point – The War of Three Henries (see pg. 403)

28. Edict of Nantes  Stated Catholicism was the official religion of France  Guaranteed Huguenots the right to worship in selected places, hold public office, and have fortified towns  recognized the right of the Protestant minority for political necessity  French Wars of Religion demonstrated the necessity for strong government, which will occur in the 17 th century

29. Philip II and the Cause of Militant Catholicism  Philip II’s first goal was to consolidate and secure Spain, the Netherlands, and possession in Italy and the New World  Also strictly enforced Catholicism with an aggressive use of the Spanish Inquisition  Wanted to establish strong monarchial authority – this becomes his downfall  He became the center of the system by supervising all work  He failed to distinguish between important and trivial matter causing him to maintain the status quo instead of making Spain the most powerful country in Europe

30. Spain  Spain’s dominance depended on a growing economy focused on gold and silver from the New World, agriculture, commerce and industry  The expense of war destroyed the Spanish economy  There was not enough gold and silver  Direct and indirect taxes had to be levied  The government was forced to borrow money  2/3 of state income was spent on paying interest in loans

31. The Revolt of the Netherlands  The Netherlands (modern Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg) had 17 provinces  Seven northern provinces – Germanic, Dutch speaking  b.Southern provinces – French & Flemish speaking – tied to France  The Netherlands had become prosperous through trade and were easily influenced by religion

32. Phillip and the Netherlands  The Netherlands had become prosperous through trade and were easily influenced by religion  Philip II was seen as a foreigner and when he tried to strengthen his control, the nobles opposed him so they would lose their political power  Residents of the Netherlands resented Philip when they realized their taxes went to pay for Spanish interests  Religion started the war when Philip attempted to restructure the Dutch Catholic church  Calvinism continued to spread and Philip repression didn’t stop it, it only alienated Calvinists  William of Nassau, prince of Orange, led the aristocrats in a revolt against the king

33. Phillip, can you not...  Philip sent the duke of Alva with 10,000 soldier to stop the rebellion  The duke’s levying of a permanent sales tax caused merchants and commoners to join the Calvinist nobles in the rebellion  The Council of Troubles was established by the Spanish to execute powerful aristocrats that revolted  As a result, the revolution became more organized  Dutch pirates joined the resistance  Philip removed the duke of Alva and brought an end to the revolt  William of Orange almost united the 17 provinces under the Pacification of Ghent but religious differences split the united front  Southern provinces – Union of Arrras (Catholic) – accepted Spanish control  Northern provinces – Union of Utrect (Protestant) – William of Orange opposed Spanish control  1609 – a truce recognized the independence of the northern provinces which would later be known as the Dutch Republic

34. The England of Elizabeth  After the death of Bloody Mary, Elizabeth became queen  Her religious police was based on moderation and compromise  She didn’t care what the people believed privately as long as they didn’t threaten the power of the state  1559 – Mary’s Catholic laws were repealed and Elizabeth became head of the Anglican Church with a new Act of Supremacy  Catholics and Puritans still threatened religious stability in England  The Catholics dwindled to a tiny minority through Elizabeth’s ability to identify Catholicism with Spain in the minds of the English  Mary, queen of Scots, her sister was executed after many Catholic plots failed to kill Elizabeth  Puritans wanted to remove any trace of Catholicism from the Church of England

35. Ooh, Burn!  Unofficially Elizabeth encouraged pirates to raid Spanish ships and colonies, and aided the French Huguenots and Dutch Calvinists against the French and Spanish  The pope gave Philip II financial support to invade England and make it Catholic with army  The Armada proved to be a disaster, being battered by the English and then the weather on their return trip  England stayed a Protestant country