1. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. written by Bridget Melton, Georgia Southern University Lecture Outline Chapter 7 Reproductive Choices: Making Responsible Decisions

2. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Objectives Compare the different types of contraceptive methods and their effectiveness in preventing pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. Summarize the legal decisions surrounding abortion and the various types of abortion procedures. Discuss key issues to consider when planning a pregnancy. Explain the importance of prenatal care and the physical and emotional aspects of pregnancy. Describe the basic stages of childbirth and the methods and complications that can arise during labor and delivery. Review primary causes of and possible solutions to infertility.

3. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Fertility Management Conception is the fertilization of an ovum by a sperm. Contraception (birth control) refers to methods of preventing conception. Methods of contraception Barrier methods Hormonal methods

4. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Activity Break: Selecting a Method of Fertility Control In small groups, list the top five factors to consider when selecting a method of fertility control. 5 minutes Cost Effectiveness of protections from STDs Safety and side effects Comfort and ease of use Number of partners Reversibility and future fertility

5. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

7. Examples of Contraceptives Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

12. Hormonal Methods Oral contraceptives Progestin-only pills Ortho Evra (the patch) NuvaRing Depo-Provera Implanon and other implants

13. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Oral Contraceptives First marketed in the United States in 1960 Today, they are the most commonly used birth control method among college-aged women. Most work through combined effects of synthetic estrogen and progesterone Using the Seasonale, women have a menstrual period every 3 months. Progestin-only minipills contain small doses of synthetic progesterone with no estrogen.

14. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Other Contraceptives Ortho Evra, or the patch: an adhesive bandage worn for 1 week and then replaced with a new one NuvaRing: a flexible plastic hormonal ring about 2 inches in diameter; it is left in place for 3 weeks Depo-Provera: long-acting synthetic progesterone injected every 3 months by a health care provider

15. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Implant Contraceptives Implanon and others: a small plastic capsule inserted into the skin on the inner side of a woman’s upper underarm Not visible Releases a low, steady dose of progestin for up to 3 years Intrauterine devices (IUDs) contraceptives have been around since 1909 and are the most popular form of contraception in the world, but not in the United States. Must be fitted by a physician Can be left in place for 10 years; does not contain hormones

16. Type of Contraception Sexually Active College Students Have Used in the Past 30 Days Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

17. Early Warning Signs of Medical Complications for Pill Users Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

18. ABC News Video: Surging Cost of Birth Control | Surging Cost of Birth Control Discussion Questions 1.If college students are having trouble purchasing birth control pills, what are their other options? 2.Should state or government money be used to subsidize birth control for college students? For people on welfare? For people without insurance? 3.What effect may taking birth control pills unevenly (such as every other month when a budget allows) have on the body?

19. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Barrier Methods Male condom Foams, suppositories, jellies, and creams Female condom Diaphragm with spermicidal jelly or cream Cervical cap with spermicidal jelly or cream Lea’s Shield and FemCap The sponge

20. Barrier Method Examples Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

21. How to Use a Condom Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

23. Proper Use and Placement of a Female Condom Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

24. Proper Use and Placement of a Diaphragm Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

25. Activity Break What form of birth control is 100 percent effective for preventing unplanned pregnancy? Abstinence Outercourse (kissing, hugging, touching)

26. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Emergency Contraception Emergency contraception pills (ECPs) are drugs taken within 3 days after intercourse to prevent fertilization or implantation. Morning-after pills Used after unprotected intercourse but before a woman misses her period Plan B is a progestin-only pill taken as soon as possible after unprotected intercourse. A second pill follows 12 hours later.

27. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Behavioral Methods Withdrawal: removing the penis from the vagina just before ejaculation Abstinence or outercourse Fertility awareness Cervical mucus method Body temperature method Calendar method

28. The Fertility Cycle Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

29. Surgical Methods Sterilization Female Tubal ligation is a surgical procedure that seals the fallopian tubes to block sperm. Hysterectomy is removal of the uterus. Male Vasectomy is the cutting and tying off of both vasa deferentia.

30. Female and Male Sterilization Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

31. Activity Break What method of birth control was not discussed and is performed 1.5 million times per year in the United States? It is highly controversial and politicized. It begins with the letter A. ABORTION

32. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Methods of Abortion Surgical abortions Vacuum aspiration Dilation and evacuation (D&E) Dilation and curettage (D&C) Induction abortions Hysterectomy Intact dilation and extraction (D&X)

33. When Women Have Abortions (in Weeks) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

34. Suction Curettage Abortion Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

35. Medical Abortions Mifepristone (formerly known as RU-486), or “the abortion pill,” actually involves more steps than a clinical abortion. First visit: physical exam and dose of pills Second visit: dose of prostaglandins 2 days later and 4 hours of observation Third visit: verification of complete fetus expulsion 12 days later

36. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Planning a Pregnancy Emotional health Maternal health Paternal health Financial evaluation Contingency planning

37. Fertilization Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

38. Pregnancy Prenatal care Choosing a practitioner Nutrition and exercise Alcohol and drugs Fetal alcohol syndrome Smoking Other factors X rays, chemicals, pesticides, and gases

39. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Changes in a Woman’s Body during Pregnancy

40. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Process of Pregnancy Early signs: missed menstrual period, breast tenderness, emotional upset, extreme fatigue, and nausea First trimester: Embryo differentiates and develops various organ systems. Second trimester: Fetus makes greater demands on the mother’s body. Third trimester: period of greatest fetal growth “Fourth” trimester: first 6 weeks of an infant’s life outside the uterus

41. Fetal Development Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

42. Prenatal Testing and Screening Ultrasound Triple marker screen Birth defects (for example, Down syndrome, neural tube defects) Amniocentesis genetic testing for women older than 35 Amniotic sac Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) Fetoscopy

43. Amniocentesis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

44. Childbirth Considerations Choosing where to have your baby Labor and delivery First stage: amniotic sac breaks Second stage: expulsion Third stage: delivery of placenta Managing labor Medical Nonmedical Birth alternatives Postpartum period

45. The Birth Process Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

46. The Birth Process (cont.) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

47. The Birth Process (cont.) Postpartum period Lasts 4 to 6 weeks after delivery Many women experience normal sadness feelings. About 10 percent experience postpartum depression. Breast-feeding Colostrum secreted for first 2 days of feeding

48. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Benefits of Breast Feeding Breast-fed babies have fewer illnesses and a much lower hospitalization rate. recover more quickly from illness. are less likely to be obese than babies fed on formulas. have fewer allergies. have a higher IQ in adulthood, based on a new study.

49. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Complications Preeclampsia and eclampsia Cesarean section (C-section) Miscarriage Rh factor Ectopic pregnancy Stillbirth Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

50. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Infertility Causes in women Endometriosis Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) Causes in men Low sperm count

51. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Infertility Treatment Fertility drugs Alternative insemination In vitro fertilization Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) Nonsurgical embryo transfer Surrogate motherhood Adoption