1. Cardiovascular System
Chapter 11
Cardiovascular System

2. The major function of the cardiovascular system is transportation.
The blood is the transport vehicle.
It carries oxygen, nutrients, cell wastes, hormones, and many other substances vital for body homeostasis to and from cells.

3. The force to move the blood throughout the body is provided by the beating heart.

4. The Cardiovascular System consists of:
Blood (transport vehicle)
Heart (pump)
Blood vessels (network of tubes)

5. Location and Size of the Heart
The heart is the size of a fist
The heart is located between the two lungs
A double sac called the pericardium surrounds the heart.

6. Lubricating fluid is found in between the two layers of the sac
Lubricating fluid is found in between the two layers of the sac. This fluid allows the heart to beat easily in a frictionless environment.

7. The walls of the heart are made of 3 layers:
Epicardium – outer layer
Myocardium – layer that contracts
Endocardium – lines the chambers and goes into the blood vessels

8. The heart has four chambers or cavities.
The two atria are located at the superior or top of the heart and the two ventricles are located at the inferior or bottom of the heart.

10. Blood flow through the heart

11. Pulmonary Circulation
Happens on the Right side of the heart
It pumps blood with no oxygen to the lungs
When in the lungs blood picks up oxygen – becomes oxygen rich

13. The Steps: Oxygen poor blood enter the superior and inferior vena cava
Blood goes into the right atrium then right ventricle
Blood is them pumped to the pulmonary trunk which branches into pulmonary arteries

14. Blood goes to the lungs and picks up oxygen
Blood leaves the lungs in the pulmonary veins and goes to the left atrium

17. Systemic Circulation
Left side: pumps blood with oxygen to the body cells and back to the heart

18. The Steps:
Blood enters the left atrium then goes to the left ventricle
Blood is then pumped to the body cells through the aorta

19. 3. Blood travels from the aorta to arteries, smaller arteries, capillaries (losses oxygen) then to the veins and then to the superior and inferior vena cava

22. Cardiac Circulation
The blood in the heart does not nourish the myocardium. The blood supply that nourishes the heart is provided by the right and left coronary arteries which branch from the aorta.

23. Physiology of the Heart
6 quarts pushed through 1000X
Heart pumps 6000 quarts a day
Cardiac muscle cells can and do contract spontaneously and independently. These contractions occur in a regular and continuous way.

24. The muscles in the different parts of the heart have different rhythms.
The heart has a unifying control system that coordinates its movement.

25. The Two Controlling Systems
1. The autonomic nervous system (automatic) acts like: the brakes and accelerators to increase or decrease heart rate

26. Intrinsic conduction system or nodal system
- causes the heart to depolarize in one direction (from atria to ventricle)
- enforces a contraction rate of 75 beats/min

27. SA node starts each heartbeat and is known as the pacemaker.

28. Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds

29. In a healthy heart the atria contract simultaneously
Systole – heart contraction
Diastole – heart relaxation

30. The Cardiac Cycle refers to:
The events of one complete heart beat during which both atria and ventricles contract and then relax.

32. The average heart beats 75 beats/min.
The cardiac cycle lasts for .8 sec.

33. Heart Sounds
When using a stethoscope, you can hear 2 distinct sounds during each cardiac cycle. These heart sounds are often described as lub and dub.

34. The first heart sound is made when: the AV valve closes - Lub
The second heart sound is made when: the semilunar valves close at the end of systole - Dub

35. The average heart rate is faster in females than males.
Females – beats per minute
Males – bpm

36. Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels

37. Blood circulates inside the blood vessels which is a closed transport system, the so called vascular system.

38. The Path of Blood: Arteries carry blood away from the heart (oxygen)
Veins carry blood to the heart (no oxygen)
From the heart blood is propelled into: arteries smaller arteries  arterioles capillary beds venules  veins  great veins

40. Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Vessels

41. The walls of blood vessels have 3 coats or tunics
Tunica intima decreases friction
Tunica media changes diameter of blood vessels
Tunica externa  function: support and protect blood vessels

43. The walls of arteries are usually thicker than the walls of veins
Artery walls must be strong and stretchy enough to take these continuous changes in pressure

44. Veins have thinner walls because they do not have to take the pressure
However, they are modified: to ensure the amount returning to the heart equals what is being pumped

45. Modifications Valves to prevent backflow
Muscles milk veins and move blood to the heart
Breathing also helps

46. Location of Arteries and Veins in the body

47. Arteries are generally located in deep, well protected body areas.
Many veins are more superficial and some are easily seen and palpated on the body surface.
Most deep veins follow the course of the major arteries.

48. Hepatic Portal Vein
Delivers blood to the liver from the digestive organs

49. Fetal Circulation
Since the lungs and digestive system are not yet functioning in a fetus, all nutrient, excretory and gas exchange occur through the placenta.
Nutrients and oxygen move from the mother’s blood into the fetal blood and fetal wastes move in the opposite direction.

51. Physiology of Circulation
A good indication of the efficiency of a person’s circulatory system can be obtained by taking arterial pulse and blood pressure.
Vital Signs: arterial pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, body temperature

52. Arterial Pulse
Pulse: alternating expansion and recoiling of an artery that occurs with each ventricular beat
Average pulse is a person at rest: BPM

53. Pressure Points Areas where you can feel your pulse
These points can also be compressed to stop blood flow into distal tissue during hemorrhage

55. Blood Pressure
Pressure the blood exerts against the inner wall of the blood vessels and it is the force that keeps the blood circulation

56. Blood Pressure Gradient
Blood flows along a pressure gradient (from high to low)
If a vein is cut the blood flows evenly from the wound
If an artery is cut the blood comes out in rapid spurts

57. Measuring Blood Pressure
Because the heart alternately contracts and relaxes the off-and-on flow of blood into the arteries causes the blood pressure to rise and fall during each beat.

59. There are two arterial blood pressure measurements that are usually made:
Systolic Pressure – pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction (first number)
Diastolic Pressure – pressure when the ventricles are relaxing (second number)

60. Blood pressure is reported in mmHg
Millimeters of mercury
Average 120/80 mmHg

61. Effects of Various Factors on BP

62. Peripheral Resistance
Amount of friction encountered by the blood as it flows through blood vessels

63. 1. Nervous System
Can cause vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels – pressure increases

64. 2. Kidneys
Role in blood pressure is alternating blood volume

65. 3. Temperature
Cold – vasoconstricting effect
Heat vasodilating effect

66. 4. Chemicals Epinephrine – increases heart rate and blood pressure
Nicotine – increase blood pressure by vasoconstriction
Alcohol and Histamine – vasodilation – decreases blood pressure

67. 5. Diet Hypertension (high blood pressure)
Prevented by a diet low in salt, saturated fat and cholesterol

68. Variations in Blood Pressure
Normal adults systolic blood pressure varies between mmHg
Normal adults diastolic blood pressure varies between mmHg
Hypotension – low blood pressure
Hypertension – high blood pressure

69. Diseases of the Cardiovascular System

70. Coronary Artery Disease
When the supply of blood to the heart muscle is restricted
Oxygen and nutrients cannot reach the muscle
Extent of the symptoms depends on the location, severity and speed of onset

71. Artherosclerosis
Narrowing and stiffening of the arteries due to fatty deposits (atheroma)
Begins with abnormally high levels of fats and cholesterol in the blood
Begin to accumulate at areas of microscopic damage

72. Fatty deposits accumulate and form plaques
Plaques narrow the space for blood to flow
Causes turbulence and blood flows over and makes blood more likely to clot
Major risk factors – smoking, diet high in saturated fats, lack of exercise and excess weight

73. Angina Chest pain that comes on with exertion and relieved with rest
Sign the heart muscle is not getting enough oxygen
Arterial narrowing from atherosclerosis causes

74. Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction)
Area of cardiac muscle is deprived of blood due to a blockage in the artery
Result of coronary artery disease due to atherosclerosis and subsequent formation of a clot
Blood flow must be restored as fast as possible
Usually occurs suddenly with little or no warning

76. Angioplasty Procedure to widen a section of artery
Carried out to treat severe angina or after a heart attack

77. Structural Disorders

78. Congenital Heart Defects
Present from birth
May be due to a fault during early embryo development

81. Valve Disorders Effect the efficient functioning of the heart valves
Two Main Types
Stenosis – valve outlet is too narrow and restricts blood flow – valve outlet is stiffened and cannot open fully
Incompetence – valve does not close fully, allowing backflow of blood

82. Heart Murmurs
Unusual heart sounds produced by turbulent blood flow – may be due to a defect

83. Aneurysm
Abnormal swelling of a weakened arterial wall that makes the wall bulge out like a balloon

84. Arrhythmia
Abnormal heart rate or rhythm that is caused by a disturbance in the electrical system that controls the way a heart muscle contracts
Can be slow, fast or erratic

85. Sinus Tachycardia Regular but rapid heart rate more than 100 bmp
Fever, exercise, caffeine, great stress

86. Atrial Fibrillation
Extremely weak, disordered, weak contractions with a rate as high as 500 BPM
Blockage at an AV node can cause

87. Ventricular Tachycardia
Very fast contractions by the ventricles
Can be caused by damaged heart muscle – heart attack – impulses have trouble passing through the scarred heart muscle so they recirculate

88. The End