1. UNIT 4 CHEMISTRY OF LIFE

2. SPONCH
What is SPONCH?

3. SPONCH S= Sulfur P= Phosphorus O= Oxygen N= Nitrogen C= Carbon
6 most important elements to life
S= Sulfur
P= Phosphorus
O= Oxygen
N= Nitrogen
C= Carbon
H= Hydrogen

4. Periodic Table of Elements
Organized table of elements discovered so far
Organized according to atomic structure and chemical characteristics

5. CARBON – the building block of life!
DRAW Carbon
Carbon is able to bond with up to four other elements or form double and triple bonds with other carbon atoms. Because of the unique bonding properties, there are millions of different organic chemicals. Each one has unique properties (functions).

6. Carbon
Inorganic compounds are substances that don’t have carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds, like minerals, metals, and salts.
Organic compounds contain CARBON atoms and are made by living things. Most matter in your body that is not water is made of organic compounds.

7. MACROMOLECULES- LARGE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
4 Main Groups of Macromolecules:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

8. CARBOHYDRATES Provide ENERGY source for cells (1 gram = 4 Calories)
Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in ratio of 1:2:1
Monomer is monosaccharide (glucose -C6H12O6, fructose)
Animals store glucose in form of polysaccharide glycogen and plants store glucose in form of starch
Found in fruits, vegetables, grains

9. Two linked = disaccharides
Examples = sucrose (glucose and fructose) and lactose (glucose and galactose)

10. Polymer = polysaccharides
Examples = glycogen (animals) starch (plants)

11. Cellulose (fiber)– polysaccharide that provides structural support for plants, humans cannot digest for nutrients; aids in digestion

12. LIPIDS MONOMERS = fatty acids
Saturated-animal fats, butter, lard, grease
Unsaturated-most plant oils, olive oil, fish oils

13. TYPES OF LIPIDS
TRIGLYCERIDES
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
WAXES
STEROIDS

14. POLYMER FUNCTIONS
TRIGLYCERIDES – insulation and energy storage (1 gram = 9 Calories)
PHOSPHOLIPIDS – main component in cell membranes

15. WAXES – ear wax, beeswax, lanolin, protection from water loss in plants STEROIDS - (Examples: cholesterol, Vitamin D, estrogen, cortisone, chlorophyll) stimulate bone and muscle growth, development of reproductive organs, sexual function, anti-inflammatory, essential in brain function, plant pigments

16. HARDENING OF THE ARTERIES
Adaquate amounts of lipids are essential to a balanced diet.
Eating too many foods with fats, such as cholesterol and saturated fatty acids, can cause a build up in arteries
What other factors contribute to arteriosclerosis (narrowing and hardening of the arteries)?

17. PROTEINS Monomers = amino acids Peptide = short chain of amino acids
Polypeptide = long chain of amino acids
Humans must have 20 different amino acids, but can produce only 10; others must be from food we eat
Structure is very important – pH and temperature can affect shape
Food sources high in protein include legumes, eggs, milk, fish, poultry, and meat (1 gram = 4 Calories)

18. FUNCTIONS of PROTEINS
Structural (bones, ligaments, skin)– collagen, protein fibers
Defense against infection- antibodies
Hormones – insulin, prolactin
Transport – hemoglobin (carries oxygen)
Histones – “spools” around which DNA winds
ENZYMES!!! – speed up reactions in body, help break down molecules

19. Enzyme Lock and Key Model

20. Enzymes (special type of protein)
Usually end in “-ase” (lipase,catalase)
Act as catalysts (speed up reactions)
Lower activation energy (amt of energy needed for a chemical rxn to occur)
3D shape of enzyme is very important!
Factors that can affect the rate of a reatction:
pH level
temperature
enzyme concentration (amt of enzyme present)
substrate concentration (amt of substance being acted on by enzyme)

21. pH Scale indicates the concentrion of H+ ions in water
Section 2-2
Oven cleaner
Acids have higher concentration of H+, bases have higher concentration of OH-
The higher the pH, the more BASIC the solution. The lower the pH, the more ACIDIC the solution.
Bleach
Ammonia solution
Increasingly Basic
Soap
Sea water
Human blood
Neutral
Pure water
Milk
Normal
rainfall
Acid rain
Increasingly Acidic
Tomato
juice
Lemon juice
Stomach acid

22. NUCLEIC ACIDS
Monomer – nucleotide (a sugar, nitrogen base, and phosphate group)
DNA – found in nucleus of plant and animal cells, double-stranded; contains information, determines proteins made (organisms characteristics), directs cell activities
RNA – single-stranded; stores, transfers info from DNA to make proteins, can act as enzymes
Both made of nucleotides (thousands of linked monomers)
Found in all cells

24. Concept Map Section 2-3 include that consist of that consist of
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain

25. Concept Map Carbon Compounds (sugars) Carbohydrates Lipids
Section 2-3
Carbon
Compounds
include
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Monosaccharides
(sugars)
Fatty acids
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
which include
which include
which include
which include
Glucose
cellulose
Butter, oil
testosterone
DNA
RNA
Collagen
Hemoglobin
enzymes