1. Technology in Service of Society Raj Reddy Carnegie Mellon University MSRA Talk November 4, 2008

2. Technology Trends A Giga-PC in 2000 A Giga-PC in 2000 Billion operations per second, Billion operations per second, Billion bits of memory Billion bits of memory Billion bits per second Network bandwidth Billion bits per second Network bandwidth Less than $2 k Less than $2 k A Tera-PC by the year 2015 A Tera-PC by the year 2015 A Peta-PC by the year 2030 A Peta-PC by the year 2030

3. Exponential Growth Trends in Computer Performance 102400 100 200 400 800 1600 3200 6400 12800 25600 51200 19941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013 2014 Year M I P S Giga PC 10G PC 20152016 2017 2018 2019 2020 204800 409600 819200 1638400 Tera PC 100G PC Doubling every 15 months Doubling every 2 years

4. What do we do with all this power? Social systems not affected: Social systems not affected: Food we eat Food we eat Clothes we wear Clothes we wear Mating rituals Mating rituals The computing will transform the way, we The computing will transform the way, we Live Live Learn Learn Work, and Work, and Communicate Communicate

5. Using Technology In Service of Humanity Helping Aging population Helping Aging population Disaster Rescue Disaster Rescue Accident-Avoiding Cruise Control Accident-Avoiding Cruise Control Access to Information and Digital Libraries Access to Information and Digital Libraries Access to Education Access to Education Literacy Literacy Urban/Rural Divide Urban/Rural Divide Access to Healthcare Access to Healthcare Lifeline Lifeline Emergency Healthcare Emergency Healthcare

6. Helping Aging Population US population is aging at an alarming rate. US population is aging at an alarming rate. 10% of the population will be over the age of 70 10% of the population will be over the age of 70 By 2030, it is estimated to be 20% By 2030, it is estimated to be 20% Cost of eldercare has grown dramatically over the last decade Cost of eldercare has grown dramatically over the last decade Home nursing costs between $30k and $60k annually Home nursing costs between $30k and $60k annually Explore the use of robots for elder care? Explore the use of robots for elder care? 70+ age group is likely to have minor disabilities impacting their quality of life. The three broad categories are 70+ age group is likely to have minor disabilities impacting their quality of life. The three broad categories are Sensory disabilities Sensory disabilities Cognitive disabilities, and Cognitive disabilities, and Motor disabilities Motor disabilities

7. Role of Technology in Elder Care Reminding Reminding visit the bathroom, take medicine, drink, or see the doctor visit the bathroom, take medicine, drink, or see the doctor Connecting with caregivers Connecting with caregivers Use tele-presence technology Use tele-presence technology Professional caregivers can interact directly with remote patients Professional caregivers can interact directly with remote patients Reducing the frequency of doctor visits. Reducing the frequency of doctor visits. Monitoring the well-being of patients Monitoring the well-being of patients Emergency conditions can be avoided Emergency conditions can be avoided e.g. heart failure or high blood sugar levels e.g. heart failure or high blood sugar levels Help Move Objects for Arthritic Patients Help Move Objects for Arthritic Patients Manipulating objects around the home such as Manipulating objects around the home such as Refrigerator Refrigerator Washing machine, or Washing machine, or Microwave. Microwave. Help with Social Functions Help with Social Functions Many elderly live alone Many elderly live alone Deprived of social contacts Deprived of social contacts

8. Encouraging Social Activity view video-clip video-clip

9. Robotics and Disaster Rescue Disaster sites are often unreachable and too dangerous Disaster sites are often unreachable and too dangerous for human exploration In most cases, rescue workers need to retrieve victims within In most cases, rescue workers need to retrieve victims within about 48 hours Pre-Disaster technology alone doesn’t help Pre-Disaster technology alone doesn’t help e.g. In Kobe earthquake (1995, Japan) many structures collapsed e.g. In Kobe earthquake (1995, Japan) many structures collapsed though they were believed to be earthquake resistant

10. Rescue Robot Ecology: Rescue Robot Ecology: Environment, Platforms, & Role of People Robots of International Rescue System Institute Information Collection from Above Robotic Helicopter Infoballoon Information Collection on the Rubble Information Collection in the Rubble Snake Robot Wide-Area Information Collection Drop-in Cell-phone Tower Database for Rescue Management

11. Autonomous Cars as Eco-Technology Unsafe driving conditions Unsafe driving conditions 1 million casualties worldwide every year from road accidents 1 million casualties worldwide every year from road accidents Over 40,000 in the US alone Over 40,000 in the US alone Annual repair bill of $55 Billion for cars in the US Annual repair bill of $55 Billion for cars in the US Majority of road accidents caused by human errors and reduced visibility Majority of road accidents caused by human errors and reduced visibility Driver fatigue, drunken driving, speeding Driver fatigue, drunken driving, speeding 42% of vehicle crashes due to poor visibility conditions 42% of vehicle crashes due to poor visibility conditions Traffic jams caused by driver panic or miscalculation Traffic jams caused by driver panic or miscalculation Excessive braking causes stop-and-go traffic Excessive braking causes stop-and-go traffic Majority of jams can be avoided if 20% of cars use auto-pilots Majority of jams can be avoided if 20% of cars use auto-pilots Passengers disconcerted by irregular driving Passengers disconcerted by irregular driving Sudden speeds and stops highly disturbing to passengers Sudden speeds and stops highly disturbing to passengers Also leads to high fuel consumption and wearing of vehicle Also leads to high fuel consumption and wearing of vehicle Underutilization of roads due to huge gaps between vehicles Underutilization of roads due to huge gaps between vehicles

12. Accident Avoiding Cruise Control Collision warning systems Collision warning systems Frontal and sideways collision warnings for buses/trains Frontal and sideways collision warnings for buses/trains Adaptive cruise control systems Adaptive cruise control systems Maintain speed, navigate turns, follow vehicles, auto- park, switch lanes Maintain speed, navigate turns, follow vehicles, auto- park, switch lanes Autonomous driving systems Autonomous driving systems Autonomous racing vehicles – Sandstorm, Highlander, Stanley Autonomous racing vehicles – Sandstorm, Highlander, Stanley Highway driving for extended time periods – Navlab 11 Highway driving for extended time periods – Navlab 11 Lane keeping and headway maintenance Lane keeping and headway maintenance Obstacle avoidance by swerving and stopping Obstacle avoidance by swerving and stopping Path planning systems based on GPS and navigation maps Path planning systems based on GPS and navigation maps Close vehicle following on automated highways – platooning Close vehicle following on automated highways – platooning

13. Watch Video-Clip Video-Clip

14. Access to Information and Knowledge: Technology to the Rescue Unequal Access to Libraries at the Bottom of the Pyramid Unequal Access to Libraries at the Bottom of the Pyramid Annual estimated global spending - $42 Billion Annual estimated global spending - $42 Billion Annual estimated US spending - $12 Billion Annual estimated US spending - $12 Billion Annual estimated spending of Developing Countries – Less than $1 Billion! Annual estimated spending of Developing Countries – Less than $1 Billion! Most of it goes to Salaries not Collections Most of it goes to Salaries not Collections Creating universal digital library containing all the books ever published is feasible today Creating universal digital library containing all the books ever published is feasible today Non-destructive scanning of books possible since 2000 Non-destructive scanning of books possible since 2000 Language Divide Problem Language Divide Problem Unfortunately most of these books are in English Unfortunately most of these books are in English Not readable by over 80% of the population Not readable by over 80% of the population Most People cannot read books in other languages Most People cannot read books in other languages Current translation systems are not yet perfect Current translation systems are not yet perfect

15. The Million Book Digital Library Collaborative venture among many countries including USA, China and India Collaborative venture among many countries including USA, China and India So far 400,000 books have been scanned in China and 200,000 in India So far 400,000 books have been scanned in China and 200,000 in India Content is made freely available around the globe Content is made freely available around the globe

16. Cover Page of Sanskrit book Rig- Veda.

17. Urdu book by Khader Badesh (1919)

18. Watch Video-Clip of Universal Digital Library Concepts Video-Clip

19. Status: The Million Book Digital Library Collaborative venture among many countries including USA, China and India Collaborative venture among many countries including USA, China and India So far over books have been scanned in China and 200,000 in India So far over books have been scanned in China and 200,000 in India Content is made freely available around the globe Content is made freely available around the globe

20. Problems of Educating the Youth at Bottom of the Pyramid In India, 70% of the 20 million children are born in low income rural communities In India, 70% of the 20 million children are born in low income rural communities Of these only 50% pass the national exam at 10 th grade Of these only 50% pass the national exam at 10 th grade The urban top students, usually get 90% plus marks The urban top students, usually get 90% plus marks The top rural students get 10 to 20% points less depending on the backwardness of the area The top rural students get 10 to 20% points less depending on the backwardness of the area As a result, less than 1% of the candidates selected into the elite national programs like IIT or IAS come from low income rural communities As a result, less than 1% of the candidates selected into the elite national programs like IIT or IAS come from low income rural communities Unless all the urban students are brilliant and rural students second rate, the country is leaving wasting 70% of the national resource of equally gifted youth Unless all the urban students are brilliant and rural students second rate, the country is leaving wasting 70% of the national resource of equally gifted youth Rather than select students based a national rank, we propose that use the local-best rank to identify the gifted students Rather than select students based a national rank, we propose that use the local-best rank to identify the gifted students independent of how their marks compare with marks of the students in other local communities. independent of how their marks compare with marks of the students in other local communities.

21. Step I: The Literacy Problem Illiteracy cost around $225 b per year Illiteracy cost around $225 b per year Over a billion people cannot read or write Over a billion people cannot read or write Over 2 billion people in the world are functionally illiterate Over 2 billion people in the world are functionally illiterate lack of comprehension of the sentence and the meaning of the words lack of comprehension of the sentence and the meaning of the words Children and people who live in villages need extra help to become good readers Children and people who live in villages need extra help to become good readers

22. Project Listen Reading Tutor Project Listen’s Reading Tutor is designed to help children improve their reading skills Project Listen’s Reading Tutor is designed to help children improve their reading skills At their own pace, in their own way. At their own pace, in their own way. Installed in several schools Installed in several schools Used by hundreds of children every day Used by hundreds of children every day Handles students all the way from pre-school level to grade 5 or beyond. Handles students all the way from pre-school level to grade 5 or beyond. Developed by Prof. Jack Mostow, Carnegie Mellon University Developed by Prof. Jack Mostow, Carnegie Mellon University Using the Reading Tutor a student is twice as effective than the conventional techniques Using the Reading Tutor a student is twice as effective than the conventional techniques The Reading Tutor is affordable and the software is free The Reading Tutor is affordable and the software is free Uses Sphinx-II speech recognition engine Uses Sphinx-II speech recognition engine Computer recognizes what you speak and corrects you Computer recognizes what you speak and corrects you Uses Windows XP on an ordinary PC with 256MB of memory Uses Windows XP on an ordinary PC with 256MB of memory

23. Reading Tutor pilot in Ghana.

24. Reading Tutor being Used in a Class Room Watch VideoclipVideoclip

25. Step II: Educating Youth from Low Income Rural Communities Rural youth cannot successfully compete in National Exams Rural youth cannot successfully compete in National Exams Urban rich kids are specially trained in coaching centers Urban rich kids are specially trained in coaching centers Most rural kids can’t afford and/or Most rural kids can’t afford and/or Most Solutions not Scalable to Large Number of Students Most Solutions not Scalable to Large Number of Students Quality Teachers not available Quality Teachers not available Existing Universities unable to introduce new learning models Existing Universities unable to introduce new learning models No Access To Computer Literacy No Access To Computer Literacy Can’t commute and can’t afford Can’t commute and can’t afford Rural Parents do not know options available for their kids Rural Parents do not know options available for their kids Early Specialization into Math, Physics and Chemistry Early Specialization into Math, Physics and Chemistry leads to narrow uni-dimensional students leads to narrow uni-dimensional students One Class Fits All? One Class Fits All? Quick Learners and Slow learners Quick Learners and Slow learners No Incentives for Broad-based Education No Incentives for Broad-based Education

26. Limitations of Using Marks as a Metric of Giftedness SAT, JEE, IAS all use marks as a measure for selecting the most deserving candidates SAT, JEE, IAS all use marks as a measure for selecting the most deserving candidates Marks are primarily a function of “Time on Task” Marks are primarily a function of “Time on Task” If all the candidates had the same training at school and at home then Marks can be seen as a Fair and Equitable method of selection If all the candidates had the same training at school and at home then Marks can be seen as a Fair and Equitable method of selection Marks are a function of Marks are a function of Time on Task Time on Task Quality of the Teachers Quality of the Teachers Education level of the Parents Education level of the Parents Ability to Pay for Coaching Classes Ability to Pay for Coaching Classes

27. Local Best Model Select Students based on Performance based on Local (County) Ranking Select Students based on Performance based on Local (County) Ranking Rather than National Ranking as in SAT Tests Rather than National Ranking as in SAT Tests Rich vs. Poor Divide Rich vs. Poor Divide Urban Vs Rural Divide Urban Vs Rural Divide Time on Task Time on Task Teaching to Test Teaching to Test Tutorial College Syndrome Tutorial College Syndrome Learning Vs. Memorizing (Rote Learning) Learning Vs. Memorizing (Rote Learning) In the case of unequal training, marks are not a good measure of talent and ability In the case of unequal training, marks are not a good measure of talent and ability Residential Residential

28. Variable Performance within Local Ranking Mandal (County) Best? Mandal (County) Best? Average Marks by School in Chillakur Mandal of Nellore Dt. Average Marks by School in Chillakur Mandal of Nellore Dt. LITTLE ANGEL'S (EM) H S, CHILLAKUR511 LITTLE ANGEL'S (EM) H S, CHILLAKUR511 APSWRS BOYS CHILLAKUR461 APSWRS BOYS CHILLAKUR461 Z P P HIGH SCHOOL THIKKAVARAM376 Z P P HIGH SCHOOL THIKKAVARAM376 Z P HIGH SCHOOL, N. RETTAPALLI362 Z P HIGH SCHOOL, N. RETTAPALLI362 Z P P HIGH SCHOOL CHILLAKUR360 Z P P HIGH SCHOOL CHILLAKUR360 Z P P HIGH SCHOOL CHINTAVARAM360 Z P P HIGH SCHOOL CHINTAVARAM360 Z P P HIGH SCHOOL VALLIPEDU356 Z P P HIGH SCHOOL VALLIPEDU356 Z P P HIGH SCHOOL VARAGALI352 Z P P HIGH SCHOOL VARAGALI352 ZP HIGH SCHOOL KADIVEDU263 ZP HIGH SCHOOL KADIVEDU263

29. New Rural University in India Catering primarily to Rural Students Catering primarily to Rural Students Named Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies Named Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies Residential – Top 1% of the graduating class admitted each year Residential – Top 1% of the graduating class admitted each year 6500 students admitted in 2008 August 6500 students admitted in 2008 August Students selected using the local best model Students selected using the local best model Admission is by invitation and not by Application Admission is by invitation and not by Application No Entrance Examination. No Entrance Examination. The program consists of a six year integrated curriculum after 10th grade The program consists of a six year integrated curriculum after 10th grade leading to a dual degree in IT and a domain specialization. leading to a dual degree in IT and a domain specialization. The program uses the learning-by-doing paradigm The program uses the learning-by-doing paradigm using personalized mentors and intelligent tutoring systems. using personalized mentors and intelligent tutoring systems. Each student is provided a Laptop from the beginning. Each student is provided a Laptop from the beginning. Motto: "Learning to learn, Learning to think and Learning to live". Motto: "Learning to learn, Learning to think and Learning to live".

31. Access to Healthcare Under 5 Mortality Rate Under 5 Mortality Rate One out of every 5 children dies before reaching the age of 5 One out of every 5 children dies before reaching the age of 5 Underlying causes of many of these deaths Underlying causes of many of these deaths Poor pre-pregnancy health, Inadequate care during pregnancy and delivery, etc… Poor pre-pregnancy health, Inadequate care during pregnancy and delivery, etc… Currently, village health workers make home visits to provide Neonatal care Currently, village health workers make home visits to provide Neonatal care As hospitals are not accessible and costly As hospitals are not accessible and costly Scalability and sustainability of current solutions has been a problem Scalability and sustainability of current solutions has been a problem Accessibility to a health worker, identifying and training health workers and providing timely support and medicine Accessibility to a health worker, identifying and training health workers and providing timely support and medicine

32. Each year over 100 million infants worldwide need immunizing against six different diseases.

33. Education and immunization campaigns have reduced child and maternal mortality rates in china

34. 300,000 emergencies occur per day (108 M p.a.) 300,000 emergencies occur per day (108 M p.a.) 80% are at the bottom of the pyramid 80% are at the bottom of the pyramid 80% deaths occur in hospitals in the first hour 80% deaths occur in hospitals in the first hour 4 M deaths p.a. 4 M deaths p.a. Absence of 4 As Absence of 4 As Access Access Availability Availability Affectionate Care Affectionate Care Affordability Affordability Satyam Foundation Satyam Foundation Establishes a Not-For-Profit Organization (NPO) called EMRI to attack this problem in 2005 Establishes a Not-For-Profit Organization (NPO) called EMRI to attack this problem in 2005 Initial funding of $50 Million Initial funding of $50 Million Emergency Scenario in India until 2004

35. Emergency Management Research Institute (NPO) and Public Private Partnership (PPP) EMRI architecture and performance leads to EMRI architecture and performance leads to the following PPP (Public Private Partnership) framework the following PPP (Public Private Partnership) framework 95% of operational expenses by Government (Public) 95% of operational expenses by Government (Public) EMRI to contribute balance 10% of expenses and all costs of Leadership, Innovation, Research & Training, Technology EMRI to contribute balance 10% of expenses and all costs of Leadership, Innovation, Research & Training, Technology Management by EMRI to sustain long term performance at International quality and speed Management by EMRI to sustain long term performance at International quality and speed PP Passion Patience Professionalism + with People, Process and Performance capabilities Partnership delivers targeted Outcomes P Govt. of A.P. Govt. of Gujarat Govt. of MP Govt. of Uttarakhand Govt. of Tamilnadu Govt. of Rajasthan Govt. of Goa Govt. of Assam Govt. of Karnataka Poor Pregnant Pediatrics

36. 24X7 Unique Emergency Response Center staffed with trained Communication, Medical and Police personnel Emergency Response Center

37. Computer Telephony Integration Computer Telephony Integration Call Centers: Voice Loggers Call Centers: Voice Loggers GIS / Maps GIS / Maps GPS / AVLT GPS / AVLT Mobile Communication Mobile Communication Application software for Sense, Reach and Care Application software for Sense, Reach and Care ePCR (Electronic Patient Case Record) Form ePCR (Electronic Patient Case Record) Form Technology Sense Reach Care prevention

38. Technology enhanced competitive advantage of EMRI One Emergency Response Center per State against 6,500 in the USA One Emergency Response Center per State against 6,500 in the USA Employs latest technology (9-1-1 is a 30+ year-old ) Employs latest technology (9-1-1 is a 30+ year-old ) Call handling, dispatching and ambulance control are under one roof Call handling, dispatching and ambulance control are under one roof Availability of doctors and police in the response center Availability of doctors and police in the response center Virtual handholding by doctor/paramedic commences since call is received Virtual handholding by doctor/paramedic commences since call is received

39. Ambulance design based on best of class - Indianized Ambulance

40. 9,000 + EMRI Associates 6,800 + Private Hospitals / Nursing homes 2,000 Police / Fire Stations 280 M population covered in 6 States 6,500 emergencies handled ( 2.4 Million annualized) 1,140 Ambulances - 6+ trips a day < 3 minutes Ambulances assigned < 14 minutes (urban) and < 21 minutes (rural) Ambulances reached 100% virtual handholding (in ambulance) by EMTs and physicians 130+ lives were saved daily(45,000+ till now) and 6,370 victims received timely, high-quality pre-hospital care Today at EMRI Andhra Pradesh Gujarat Sikkim Karnataka Orissa Haryan a Punjab Himachal Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Chattisgarh Jharkhand West Bengal Bihar Arunachal Pradesh Meghalaya Tripura Manipur Nagaland Mizoram Uttarakhand Madhya Pradesh Tamil Nadu Kerala Jammu & Kashmir Maharashtra Rajasthan Assam Goa Delhi

41. Medical Emergency% of Total Rural % Female % Age Yrs Pregnancy related228210022 Injuries18571831 Acute Abdomen8773532 Suicide related6724327 Cardiac related5663842 Respiratory related4663646 Medical Emergencies

42. Follow-up after 48 hours Discharged 49 % Stable and still in Hospital 45 % Critical and still in Hospital 1 % Expired 5 %

43. Robbery – Thief requested wife to dial 108 after 10 minutes to take the injured husband to hospital 3 Hour Neonate (Baby Girl) Buried Firing - Between Army Commanders and Naxalites Cyclist– Fell on road divider rod Extraordinary Performance from Ordinary People

44. Bomb Blasts Ahmedabad Snake Bite Suicide Attempt Candle Light Delivery 35 Ambulances to Bihar Extraordinary Performance from Ordinary People

45. Caring, Valuing and Respecting Life Humaneness Humaneness Humility & Humility & Commitment to serve Commitment to serve Leading to Reduction in Poverty, Increase in Quality of Health and Life

46. What is Stopping Us?: Digital Divide Issues Connectivity Divide Connectivity Divide Access to free Internet for basic services? Access to free Internet for basic services? Computer Access Divide Computer Access Divide Accessibility: Less than 5 minute walk? Accessibility: Less than 5 minute walk? Affordability: Costing less than a cup of coffee per day? Affordability: Costing less than a cup of coffee per day? Digital Literacy Divide Digital Literacy Divide Language Divide Language Divide Literacy Divide Literacy Divide Content Divide Content Divide Access to information and knowledge Access to information and knowledge Access to education and learning Access to education and learning Access to health care Access to health care Access to jobs Access to jobs Access to entertainment Access to entertainment

47. Necessary Conditions for Inclusive Technology Almost Free Access to Internet Almost Free Access to Internet Basic services free Basic services free up to 10 email and web exchanges per day up to 10 email and web exchanges per day Value added services at affordable rates Value added services at affordable rates access to movies access to movies Clear Value Proposition Clear Value Proposition To an illiterate person in a village, the need for a PC is not obvious To an illiterate person in a village, the need for a PC is not obvious A TV and/or a telephone represent a better value proposition: a PCtvt, 5 in 1 multi-function information appliance? A TV and/or a telephone represent a better value proposition: a PCtvt, 5 in 1 multi-function information appliance? Accessible Accessible No more than a 5 minute walk from home? No more than a 5 minute walk from home? Affordable Affordable No more than the price of a cup of coffee No more than the price of a cup of coffee

48. Initiatives for Scalable and Sustainable Development Connectivity: Fiber to the Village Connectivity: Fiber to the Village AP Broadband Project AP Broadband Project Computer Access: Multi-Function Information Appliance Computer Access: Multi-Function Information Appliance PCtvt – PC, TV, PVR, Video Phone and IP phone PCtvt – PC, TV, PVR, Video Phone and IP phone Capacity Building: eLearning for the Masses Capacity Building: eLearning for the Masses Software for use by illiterate people in rural communities Software for use by illiterate people in rural communities Content Content Million Book Digital Library Million Book Digital Library eLearning modules for rural enterprises eLearning modules for rural enterprises Village Google Village Google