1. History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC
Greek naturalist and philosopher who theorized about learning, memory, motivation, emotion, perception, and personality.

2. René Descartes:
Originated the concept of Dualism, viewed mind and body as interactive machines.
Stated that the mind could follow body and vice versa.
Proposed the idea of both voluntary and involuntary behavior.
Ruled out areas other than the brain for mental functioning.

3. John Locke:
Knowledge should be acquired by careful observation.
No innate ideas: all knowledge comes from experience or reflection.
Mind is a blank slate written on by experience (tabula rasa).

4. Dorothea Dix
She was shocked and horrified by the treatment of the mentally ill
Became a social reformer
Spent 40 years lobbying U.S. and Canadian legislators to establish state hospitals for the mentally ill
Her efforts directly affected the building of 32 institutions in the United States.

5. Charles Darwin: s
Studied the evolution of finches and expands his study to include humans.
Opposed religious teachings of the time by suggesting that man was a common ancestor to lower species.

6. Birth of Psychology Wilhelm Wundt: Father of Psychology
1879: Leipzig, Germany.
Intended to make psychology a reputable science.
Many American psychologists eventually went on to study in Leipzeig in the 1st Psych Lab

7. Wilhelm Wundt: Father of Psychology
Most of his experiments on sensation and perception.
Did not think that high order mental processes could be studied experimentally.
Trained in medicine and philosophy.
Wrote many books about psychology, philosophy, ethics, and logic.

8. Can you read this?
This is bcuseae the huammn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the word as a wlohe. Amzanig, huh?

9. Wilhelm Wundt
Wundt’s work led to the 1st school of thought in Psychology called STRUCTURALISM
Structuralism - focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components.
Researchers tried to understand the basic elements of consciousness using a method known as introspection.

10. Introspection
Looking inward at one’s own mental processes.

11. E.B. Titchener Wundt’s student. Taught at Cornell University.
Structuralism: He furthered Wundt’s work and understanding of human thought process.
Titchener coined term “Structuralism”

12. Margaret Floy Washburn
Student of Edward B. Titchener at the Sage School of Philosophy at Cornell University
There she was the first graduate student recommended by Titchener to the Ph.D. program, and became the first woman to obtain her Ph.D. in Psychology in  

13. Margaret Floy Washburn
Moved away from Titchener's structural psychology
Openly critical of its reduction of the mind into parts, and wrote a second book entitled Movement and Mental Imagery (1917)
1903, she was ranked among the top 50 psychologists in America (when women were excluded from many academic programs)

14. William James:
Claimed that searching for building blocks was a waste of time because brain and mind are constantly changing: focused on function.
Functionalism: the study of how a mental process operates
Expanded psychology to animal behavior.
Author of 1st widely used Psych textbook ”Principles of Psychology”

15. Structuralism to Functionalism (Wundt & Tichener to James and more)
A shift in early schools of though occurred in Psychology
the difference between stopping a train to tear it apart to study its parts (structuralism), and looking at how the systems interact while it is running (functionalism).

16. Mary Whiton Calkins 1863-1930 Studied under William James at Harvard.
Admitted to Harvard as a "guest."
Presented Doctoral thesis to Harvard faculty (Despite unanimous approval from the thesis committee)
Harvard still refused to grant Calkins the degree she had earned because she was a ____________

17. Mary Whiton Calkins
At Harvard, Calkins invented the paired-associate task
which involved showing study participants a series of paired colors and numerals, then testing recollections of which number had been paired with which color.
The technique was used to study memory and was later published by Titchener, who claimed credit for its development.

18. Mary Whiton Calkins Is famous in Psychology because:
First woman president of the American Psychological Association
Calkins wrote over a hundred professional papers of topics in psychology

19. American Psychological Association (APA)
Founded in 1892: the governing body of all research not conducted by universities.

20. American Psychological Association
Largest scientific and professional organization representing psychology in the United States.
More than 134,000 researchers, educators, clinicians, consultants and students as its members.
Mission: is to advance the creation, communication and application of psychological knowledge to benefit society and improve people's lives.

21. APA Promoting research in psychology
Improving the qualifications and usefulness of psychologists by establishing high standards of ethics, conduct, education and achievement.

22. Herman Ebbinghaus 1885
Published classic studies on memory, nonsense syllables, learning curve.

23. G. Stanley Hall
First president of the APA, established the first psychological lab in the U.S. in 1883, at Johns Hopkins University.
Started the American Psychological Journal (1887) now the American Journal of Psychology.

24. Psychology = Eclecticism
Utilizing of diverse theories and schools of thought.
Mosaic, no single approach can create the whole picture.
Unlikely for psychology to ever have a unifying paradigm.

25. Present Day Psychology Behavioral Approach
All behavior is observable and measurable
Abandoned mentalism for behaviorism
All Behavior result of learning

26. Behaviorism Ivan Pavlov, 1849-1936.
Russian experimenter who showed automatic/involuntary behavior in learned responses to specific stimuli in the environment.
Created “Classical Conditioning.”

27. Behaviorism John Watson, 1913.
Psychology can never be as objective as chemistry or biology. Consciousness is not that easy.
“I can take a child and make him into anything, a beggar, a doctor, a thief.”

28. John. B. Watson Baby Albert experiment
Used classical conditioning to teach baby to fear white fuzzy things (started with a rat)

29. Behaviorism B.F. Skinner, 1950’s.
Dismissed importance of inherited traits and instincts about human behavior
Believed that all behavior is a result of rewards and punishments in the past.
Any undesired behavior can be modified via positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and/or punishment

30. B.F. Skinner
Used the famous “Skinner Box” as the center of his research
Used rats and pigeons to explore what he called OPERANT conditioning

31. SKINNER BOX

32. Another form of a SKINNER BOX

33. Videos http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P4Rb9n_sQDg

34. Albert Bandura born 1925
Social Learning Theory: How people acquire new behaviors by observing and imitating others (modeling).
Famous Bobo Doll Experiment
His criticisms of behaviorists: All behavior cannot be explained by rewards and punishments. Treats people like robots as if they have no free-will.

35. Psychoanalytic Theory
All behavior is meaningful, and much of it is controlled by digging below the surface to uncover the roots of personality (unconscious
part of personality)

36. Psychoanalytic Theory
Sigmund Freud,
Studied neurology, but wanted to be a medical researcher, forced into being a private physician.
Became convinced that patients difficulties were due to mental rather than physical problems.
Proposed that distress due to problems that dated back to childhood.

37. Siggy Freud
Psychoanalysis: Freud’s therapy method for treating people with emotional problems, focus on unconscious mind, dream interpretation and free association
Unconscious: Nearly all of our impulses are sexual and aggressive in nature.

38. Psychoanalytic Theory
Interpretation of Dreams, Sold 600 copies in 8 years; today sells millions every year.

39. Psychoanalytic Theory
Hidden Desires: Freud stated that people are “cesspools of hidden desires.”
Unresolved Conflicts: If these occur in childhood, this will cause fixations in later life. (Stages)

40. Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud’s Stages: Oral (Birth - 1 yr.), anal (1 yr.), phallic (4 yrs. - separates males/females), latency (Puberty), genital (adult)
3 Personalities: Id, Ego, Superego:
Id: Wants/Desires, Basic primal instincts. “Pleasure Principle”
Ego: “Reality Principle”
Superego: Conscious mind. “Do the right thing.”

41. Psychoanalytic Theory: Criticisms
Does not focus on observable behavior
cannot be scientifically proven or disproven
Too dark & negative view of human behavior
Ignores political and social explanations of people’s problems.

42. Like Freud: “Neo-Freudians”
“Neo-Freudians” – psychologists who agreed with the basis of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, but changed and adapted the theory to incorporate their own beliefs, ideas and theories.
Freud proposed a number of ideas that were highly controversial, but also attracted a number of followers.

43. Psychodynamic theory Neo-Freudians
Currently focuses on perceptions, memories & thinking in our unconscious

44. Carl Jung
Jung worked with psychiatric patients at the University of Zürich asylum
Worked with Freud
Jung’s theories revolved around the unconscious mind
Eventually, Jung rejected Freud's emphasis on sex as the sole source of behavior motivation

45. Carl Jung
Human psyche exists in three parts: the ego (the conscious mind), the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious.
collective unconscious was a reservoir of all the experience and knowledge of the human species

46. Alfred Adler 1870 -1937 Austrian, like Freud
Became president of Vienna Psychoanalytic Society
Adler eventually departed due in part to his disagreements with some of Freud's theories.
Adler had played a key role in the development of psychoanalysis

47. Alfred Adler
Believed that every person has a sense of inferiority
'striving for superiority' and believed that this drive was the motivating force behind human behaviors, emotions, and thoughts.
From childhood people work toward overcoming this inferiority

48. Humanistic Theory (1950-60s)
Strongly disagreed with both Behaviorists and psychoanalysts
Stress the importance of people’s feelings and free will
Believe humans are naturally positive and seek personal growth
People have the ability to heal themselves

49. Humanism = Existentialism
Humanistic Theory
Humanism = Existentialism
A philosophy that emphasizes the uniqueness and isolation of the individual experience in a hostile or indifferent universe, regards human existence as unexplainable, and stresses freedom of choice and responsibility for the consequences of one's acts.

50. Humanistic Theory
Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy of Needs: People’s struggle is to be the best they possibly can, known as self-actualization.
Carl Rogers: Former minister; believed all people strive for perfection; some interrupted by a bad environment.

51. Humanistic Theory
Criticisms: Believes all people are good and that people have the ability to heal themselves. Too vague, more of a philosophy for life than a psychology.

52. Biopsychology / Biological Approach
Seeks to understand the nervous system. All actions, feelings associated with the nervous system.
The anatomy and physiology explanation for human thinking & behavior
Wilhelm Wundt: Expected psychology to rest almost solely on Anatomy and Biology. Interested in how bodily events interact with events in the external environment to produce perceptions, memory and behavior.

53. Biopsychology
Roger Sperry won Nobel-Prize for his Split-Brain research.
Weber, Fechner, Helmholtz’s work on complex chemical and biological processes within nervous and endocrine system are related to behavior

54. Biopsychological (Neurobiological)
Nervous System: Responsible for our behavior; Specifically abnormal and immediate responses.
Anatomy/Biology: Solely responsible for human behavior.
Criticisms: Ignores mental processes. Explains too little of human behavior, rejects environmental influences.

55. Cognitive Theory
Thinking: how mental thoughts affect behavior. Humanism gives rise to the Cognitive Theory.
Studies how we attend, perceive, think, remember, solve problems and arrive at beliefs.
Know what’s going on in people’s heads first, then applies it to their behavior.

56. For Example:
Cognitivists consider how human memory works to promote learning.
Study the physiological processes of sorting and encoding information and events into short-term memory and long-term memory

57. Gestalt Psychology
Gestalt Psychology: means “pattern” or “configuration.”
Studies how people interpret sensory information in order to acquire knowledge.
“The whole is larger than the sum of its parts”

58. Gestalt Psychology
School of thought that looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole
Started with Max Wertheimer,
Gestalt psychology formed partially as a response to the structuralism (Wundt)

59. 199 × 188 - positivehealth.com

60. Example of Gestalt Principles

61. Gestalt

62. Gestalt…Got it?

63. Gestalt

64. What Artist is famous for using Gestalt ideas as the essence of his creations?

65. M.C. Esher

66. Jean Piaget 1896-1980 Stages of Cognitive Development:
Researched children’s cognitive development
Consist if 4 stages
Inferred mental processes from observable behavior
Children must accomplish mental tasks to prove they advanced to next stage

67. Cognitive Approach: Criticisms
Downplays emotion, lack of free will

68. Sociocultural Psychology
Examines how cultural and political (religious) experience effect our everyday life.
Gender influences of behavior.
Job opportunities, politics to influence people’s goals and ambitions.

69. Sociocultural Psychology
It is NOT intrapsychic: Within the mind or self.

70. Sociocultural Psychology
Criticisms: Underestimated personal on our behavior & Makes broad generalizations about ethnic groups and cultures.

71. Evolutionary Approach
Very biological approach
Human thinking and behavior are products of natural selection
Started with ideas of Charles Darwin
Evolutionary psychology postulates the mind and behavior is shaped by pressure to survive and reproduce

72. That is all your approaches 
Now let’s practice our new knowledge