2. Green Revolution: Curse or Blessing?

3. A. Development & Diffusion of Agriculture: Three agricultural revolutions: Neolithic Revolution 1. Neolithic Revolution (12,000 yrs ago): first plant & animal domestication The role of women? The role of women? - female deities - women were first to farm ~80% of all food eaten in Africa is grown by women - ~80% of all food eaten in Africa is grown by women

4. 2. Second Revolution (I7th-I8th centuries): 2. Second Revolution (I7th-I8th centuries): improved methods of cultivation & higher yields in W. Europe - improved tools & equipment - better soil preparation, fertilization, & food storage - aided by the Industrial Revolution & mechanization

5. 2 (continued). Second Agricultural Revolution 1. from late Middle Ages into Industrial Age 2. open fields enclosed by fences 3. use of crop rotation 4. seeds & breeding stock improved 5. tools improved: use of the “heavy” plow 6. horses replaced oxen for plowing

6. 3. The Green Revolution (1940’s-1980’s): 3. The Green Revolution (1940’s-1980’s): research & technology in plant genetics to create new higher-yielding grains - intensive farming practices: mechanization, chemicals, biotechnology genetic engineering - using genetic engineering scientists in Philippines crossed a dwarf variety of rice with an Indonesian variety…“IR8” Norin 10 - in India Norin 10 strain of wheat developed - today, pest resistance genetically infused into DNA of plants

7. B. Why The Green Revolution? 1943: world's worst recorded food disaster in India - Bengal Famine: four million died of hunger “Green Revolution’s” highest crop yields: 1967 to 1978 term “Green Revolution” a general one applied to successful agricultural experiments in developing countries (India, Mexico, China)

8. Dr. Norman Borlaug: “Father” of the Green Revolution https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7lbjHWoDI Rw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7lbjHWoDI Rw

9. SUCCESS STORIES Northern India Sri Lanka Nepal Indonesia Thailand Philippines

10. C. Basic methods: 1) expansion of farming areas 2) double-cropping 3) genetically engineering crops 4) machinery, fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides Other benefits: - higher yields of wheat, corn, & rice - improved appearance of fruits - grains used to fatten livestock faster… https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-eUKj8sOyq8

12. D. THE DOWNSIDE: Food Security? - destroyed large tracts - overuse of chemicals - excessive salinity - groundwater depletion - conflicts over water - some cannot afford investment - rural societies disrupted - effects of genetic modifications? - effects of cloning? http://abcnews.go.com/Archives/video/feb-24-1997-dolly- sheep-10615268 http://abcnews.go.com/Archives/video/feb-24-1997-dolly- sheep-10615268 - http://on.cc.com/1qT8Vki http://on.cc.com/1qT8Vki - The bees! - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zgc5w-xyQa0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zgc5w-xyQa0 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWbUplDgSNM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWbUplDgSNM

13. E. Why Not Africa? World crops: Wheat, Rice, Corn Africa’s most important crops: millet & sorghum Lack of government investment Failure to include women