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2. Standardized Test Prep
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Standardized Test Prep

3. Chapter 45 Table of Contents Section 1 The Human Body Plan
Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems
Chapter 45
Table of Contents
Section 1 The Human Body Plan
Section 2 Skeletal System
Section 3 Muscular System
Section 4 Integumentary System

4. Section 1 The Human Body Plan
Chapter 45
Objectives
Describe four types of tissues that make up the human body.
Explain how tissues, organs, and organ systems are organized.
Summarize the functions of the primary organ systems in the human body.
Identify the five human body cavities and the organs that each contains.

5. Section 1 The Human Body Plan
Chapter 45
Body Tissues
All tissues are a collection of cells that have a similar structure and that work together to perform a particular function.
Muscle Tissue
Muscle tissue is
composed of cells
that can contract in a
coordinated fashion.

6. Body Tissues, continued
Section 1 The Human Body Plan
Chapter 45
Body Tissues, continued
Muscle Tissue, continued
The human body has three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
Skeletal muscle moves the bones in your trunk, limbs, and face.
Smooth muscle handles body functions that you cannot control consciously.
Cardiac muscle, found in your heart, pumps blood through your body.

7. Body Tissues, continued
Section 1 The Human Body Plan
Chapter 45
Body Tissues, continued
Nervous Tissue
Nervous tissue
contains cells,
or neurons, that
receive and
transmit messages
in the form of
electrical impulses.
Neurons are nerve cells that are specialized to receive and send electrical impulses

8. Body Tissues, continued
Section 1 The Human Body Plan
Chapter 45
Body Tissues, continued
Nervous Tissue, continued
Nervous tissue can be found throughout the human body and has various functions.
For example, nervous tissue can be found in the brain and sensory organs and is used to interpret sensory information.

9. Body Tissues, continued
Section 1 The Human Body Plan
Chapter 45
Body Tissues, continued
Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial tissue is tissue that is composed of a sheet of cells and that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity.
Epithelial tissue is found in various thicknesses and arrangements, depending on where it is located.

10. Body Tissues, continued
Section 1 The Human Body Plan
Chapter 45
Body Tissues, continued
Epithelial Tissue, continued
Each epithelial layer
is formed from cells
that are tightly bound
together, often
providing a protective
barrier for these
surfaces.

11. Body Tissues, continued
Section 1 The Human Body Plan
Chapter 45
Body Tissues, continued
Connective Tissue
Connective tissue is a tissue that has a lot of intracellular substance and that connects and supports other tissues.

12. Body Tissues, continued
Section 1 The Human Body Plan
Chapter 45
Body Tissues, continued
Connective Tissue, continued
Connective tissues are the most abundant and diverse of the four types of tissue and contain a substance called matrix.
Matrix is an intracellular substance that gives connective tissue its strength and flexibility and can be solid, semisolid, or liquid.

13. Section 1 The Human Body Plan
Chapter 45
Human Body Tissues

14. Section 1 The Human Body Plan
Chapter 45
Body Tissues

15. Organs and Organ Systems
Section 1 The Human Body Plan
Chapter 45
Organs and Organ Systems
An organ consists of various tissues that work together to carry out a specific function.
Groups of organs interact in an organ system.
Organ systems work together to function in an efficient, integrated manner.

16. Major Organ Systems of the Human Body
Section 1 The Human Body Plan
Chapter 45
Major Organ Systems of the Human Body

17. Organs and Organ Systems, continued
Section 1 The Human Body Plan
Chapter 45
Organs and Organ Systems, continued
Integration of Organ Systems
An even higher level of organization is the integration of organ systems.
The integration of organ systems can be described as each organ system having organs associated with it according to that organ’s primary function. This is so the organ system can work more efficiently.

18. Overview of Organ Systems
Section 1 The Human Body Plan
Chapter 45
Overview of Organ Systems

19. Section 1 The Human Body Plan
Chapter 45
Body Cavities
Many organs and organ systems in the human body are housed in compartments called body cavities.
These cavities protect internal organs from injuries and permit organs to function while remaining securely supported.
Each human cavity can contains one or more organs.

20. Body Cavities, continued
Section 1 The Human Body Plan
Chapter 45
Body Cavities, continued
The human body has five main body cavities, including the cranial cavity, the spinal cavity, the thoracic cavity, the abdominal cavity, and the pelvic cavity.
The cranial cavity is the cavity that contains, supports, and protects the brain.
The spinal cavity is the cavity that contains, supports, and protects the spinal cord.

21. Body Cavities, continued
Section 1 The Human Body Plan
Chapter 45
Body Cavities, continued
The thoracic cavity is the cavity that contains, supports, and protects the heart, esophagus, and the organs of the respiratory system.
The abdominal cavity is the cavity that contains, supports, and protects the digestive system.
The pelvic cavity is the cavity that contains, supports, and protects the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems.

22. Cavities of the Human Body
Section 1 The Human Body Plan
Chapter 45
Cavities of the Human Body

23. Section 1 The Human Body Plan
Chapter 45
Human Body Cavities

24. Section 2 Skeletal System
Chapter 45
Objectives
Distinguish between the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
Explain the function and structure of bones.
Summarize how bones develop and elongate.
List three types of joints and give an example of each.
Describe a common disorder that affects the skeleton.

25. Section 2 Skeletal System
Chapter 45
The Skeleton
A skeleton is the bones of a human or animal body that form the framework of the body, support the muscles and organs, and protect the inner organs.
The variation in size and shape among the bones that make up the skeleton reflects their different roles in the body.

26. Section 2 Skeletal System
Chapter 45
Human Skeleton

27. The Skeleton, continued
Section 2 Skeletal System
Chapter 45
The Skeleton, continued
The human skeleton is composed of two parts—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
The bones of the arms and legs, along with the scapula, clavicle, and pelvis, make up the appendicular skeleton.
The bones of the skull, ribs, spine, and sternum form the axial skeleton.

28. Subsections of the Human Skeleton
Section 2 Skeletal System
Chapter 45
Subsections of the Human Skeleton
The purple is the axial skeleton and the yellow is the appendicular skeleton.

29. Anatomy of a Human Skeletal System
Section 2 Skeletal System
Chapter 45
Anatomy of a Human Skeletal System

30. Bone Function and Structure
Section 2 Skeletal System
Chapter 45
Bone Function and Structure
The bones that make up the skeleton function in a variety of ways, such as supporting the muscles, protecting internal organs, helping movement, and playing vital roles in important metabolic processes.
Bones do not make up most of a body’s mass.

31. Bone Function and Structure, continued
Section 2 Skeletal System
Chapter 45
Bone Function and Structure, continued
Long Bone Structure
A long bone’s surface is covered by a tough membrane called the periosteum.
Periosteum is a white, double layered membrane that covers the entire surface of bone except for the joint surfaces and is richly supplied with nerve fibers and blood vessels.

32. Bone Function and Structure, continued
Section 2 Skeletal System
Chapter 45
Bone Function and Structure, continued
Long Bone Structure, continued
Under the periosteum is a hard material called compact bone, and this part of the bone gives all bones their strength and rigidity.
Compact bone is composed of cylinders made of mineral crystals and protein fibers called lamellae.

33. Bone Function and Structure, continued
Section 2 Skeletal System
Chapter 45
Bone Function and Structure, continued
Long Bone Structure, continued
Each lamellae is made up of a narrow channel called a Haversian canal, which contains the blood vessels in compact bone.
Surrounding each Haversian canal are protein fibers and osteocytes.
Osteocytes are a specific type of bone cell.

34. Bone Function and Structure, continued
Section 2 Skeletal System
Chapter 45
Bone Function and Structure, continued
Long Bone Structure, continued
Beneath some compact bone is a network of connective tissue called spongy bone.
Spongy bone is less dense bone tissue that has many open spaces.

35. Section 2 Skeletal System
Chapter 45
Structure of Bone

36. Bone Function and Structure, continued
Section 2 Skeletal System
Chapter 45
Bone Function and Structure, continued
Bone Marrow
Bone marrow is a soft tissue inside some bones that can be either red or yellow.
The type of bone marrow present determines both its composition and function.

37. Section 2 Skeletal System
Chapter 45
Parts of a Human Bone - 1 & 2

38. Bone Function and Structure, continued
Section 2 Skeletal System
Chapter 45
Bone Function and Structure, continued
Injury and Repair
Despite their strength, bones will crack or even break if they are subjected to certain situations or are overused.
A crack or break is referred to as a fracture.
A fracture is an injury in which the tissue of a bone is broken.

39. Chapter 45 Bone Development
Section 2 Skeletal System
Chapter 45
Bone Development
During fetal development, some bones that were originally cartilage will slowly be replaced by actual bone. This process is called ossification.

40. Bone Development, continued
Section 2 Skeletal System
Chapter 45
Bone Development, continued
Bone Elongation
Bones continue to grow after a person’s birth.
Bone elongation and growth take place near the ends of long bones in an area known as the epiphyseal plate.
The epiphyseal plate is found at the joint ends of long bones and is composed of cartilage. This area of bone will eventually become mature bone.

41. Section 2 Skeletal System
Chapter 45
Human Bone Growth

42. Chapter 45 Joints The place where two bones meet is known as a joint.
Section 2 Skeletal System
Chapter 45
Joints
The place where two bones meet is known as a joint.
Three major kinds of joints are found in the human body—fixed, semimovable, and movable.
Fixed Joints
A fixed joint is a joint at which no movement occurs.

43. Chapter 45 Joints, continued Semimovable Joints
Section 2 Skeletal System
Chapter 45
Joints, continued
Semimovable Joints
A semimovable joint is one that will permit limited movement.
Cartilage can be involved to help these joints move.

44. Chapter 45 Joints, continued Movable Joints
Section 2 Skeletal System
Chapter 45
Joints, continued
Movable Joints
A movable joint is a joint at which a wide range of motion occurs.
There are different types of movable joints, including hinge, ball-and-socket, pivot, saddle, and gliding.
A hinge joint allows limited movement in only one plane.

45. Chapter 45 Joints, continued Movable Joints, continued
Section 2 Skeletal System
Chapter 45
Joints, continued
Movable Joints, continued
A ball-and-socket joint is another type of moveable joint and allows 360 degree movement in 2 planes.
A pivot joint allows 180 degree movement in only one plane.
A saddle joint will allow 360 degree movement in only one plane.
A gliding joint allows bones to slide over one another.

46. Chapter 45 Joints, continued Joint Structure
Section 2 Skeletal System
Chapter 45
Joints, continued
Joint Structure
Joint structure helps movable joints deal with the pressure and stress of everyday life.
Joints are covered with cartilage and secrete synovial fluid to reduce friction. Joints are also connected with ligaments to aid in joint movement.
Even with all this protection a joint can still be injured.

47. Chapter 45 Joints, continued Joint Structure, continued
Section 2 Skeletal System
Chapter 45
Joints, continued
Joint Structure, continued
The term arthritis is used to describe disorders that cause painful, swollen joints.
Rheumatoid arthritis develops when the immune system begins to attack body tissues, and joints become stiff and deformed.
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease in which the cartilage covering the surface of bone becomes thinner and rougher.

48. Section 2 Skeletal System
Chapter 45
Types of Joints

49. Section 2 Skeletal System
Chapter 45
Types of Joints

50. Section 3 Muscular System
Chapter 45
Objectives
Distinguish between the three types of muscle tissues.
Describe the structure of skeletal muscle fibers.
Explain how skeletal muscles contract.
Describe how muscles move bones.
Explain the process in which a muscle becomes fatigued.

51. Section 3 Muscular System
Chapter 45
Muscle Types
A muscle is an organ that can contract in a coordinated fashion and includes muscle tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue.
Their ability to contract and relax not only enables the body to move, but also provides the force that pushes substances, such as blood and food, through the body.
The human body has three types of muscle tissues: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.

52. Muscle Types, continued
Section 3 Muscular System
Chapter 45
Muscle Types, continued
Skeletal muscles consciously control the moving parts of the body and are often referred to as voluntary muscles.
Skeletal muscles are made up of muscle fibers.
Muscle fibers consist of multinucleated elongated cells with light and dark stripes. These stripes are called striations.

53. Muscle Types, continued
Section 3 Muscular System
Chapter 45
Muscle Types, continued
Muscle fibers are grouped into bundles called fascicles.
Groups of fascicles are bound together by connective tissue to form a muscle.
The connective tissue in skeletal muscle cells can unite to form tendons.

54. Muscle Types, continued
Section 3 Muscular System
Chapter 45
Muscle Types, continued
Smooth muscles are spindle-shaped, have a single nucleus, and interlace to form sheets.
Smooth muscle lacks striations, and the connective tissue that surrounds it cannot form tendons.
Smooth muscle forms the walls of the stomach, intestines, blood vessels, and other internal organs. Because most of its movements cannot be consciously controlled, smooth muscle is referred to as involuntary muscle.

55. Muscle Types, continued
Section 3 Muscular System
Chapter 45
Muscle Types, continued
Cardiac muscle makes up the walls of the heart.
Cardiac muscle shares some characteristics with both skeletal muscle and smooth muscle.
As with skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle tissue is striated; as with smooth muscle, it is involuntary and each cell has one nucleus.

56. Three Types of Muscle Tissue
Section 3 Muscular System
Chapter 45
Three Types of Muscle Tissue

57. Anatomy of the Human Muscular System
Section 3 Muscular System
Chapter 45
Anatomy of the Human Muscular System

58. Chapter 45 Muscle Structure
Section 3 Muscular System
Chapter 45
Muscle Structure
A skeletal muscle fiber is a single, multinucleated muscle cell.
Although muscle fibers make up most of the muscle tissue, a large amount of connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves are also present.
Connective tissue covers and supports each muscle fiber and reinforces the muscle as a whole.

59. Muscle Structure , continued
Section 3 Muscular System
Chapter 45
Muscle Structure , continued
Each skeletal muscle fiber has a nerve ending that controls its activity.
Muscles produce large amounts of metabolic waste that must be removed through veins.
A skeletal muscle fiber contains bundles of structures called myofibrils.
A myofibril is a threadlike structure that contains two types of protein.

60. Muscle Structure, continued
Section 3 Muscular System
Chapter 45
Muscle Structure, continued
Each myofibril is made up of two types of protein filaments—thick ones and thin ones.
The thick filaments are mostly made of the protein myosin, which is also the most abundant protein in muscle tissue.
The thin filaments are made of the protein actin, which is the protein that functions in the contraction and relaxation of muscles.

61. Muscle Structure, continued
Section 3 Muscular System
Chapter 45
Muscle Structure, continued
Since actin filaments are the main protein in contraction and relaxation, actin filaments are anchored at their endpoints and create a structure called the Z line.
The region from one Z line to the next is called a sarcomere. This unit is the basic unit of contraction for skeletal and cardiac muscle.

62. Section 3 Muscular System
Chapter 45
Muscle Structure

63. Chapter 45 Muscular Contraction
Section 3 Muscular System
Chapter 45
Muscular Contraction
When a nerve impulse stimulates a muscle to contract, the myosin filaments’ heads attach to points on the actin filaments.
The myosin heads then bend inward, pulling the actin with them.
The myosin heads then let the actin go, bend back into their original position, attach to a new point on the actin filament, and pull again.

64. Muscular Contraction, continued
Section 3 Muscular System
Chapter 45
Muscular Contraction, continued
The action just described shortens the sarcomere, and when all the sarcomeres of a muscle fiber are shortened, the muscle fibers (and thus the muscle) contract.
Muscle contraction requires energy, which is supplied by ATP.
Because myosin heads must attach and detach a number of times during a single muscle contraction, muscle cells must have a continuous supply of ATP.

65. Contraction of a Muscle
Section 3 Muscular System
Chapter 45
Contraction of a Muscle

66. Section 3 Muscular System
Chapter 45
Muscle Contraction

67. Muscular Contraction, continued
Section 3 Muscular System
Chapter 45
Muscular Contraction, continued
Muscle contraction is an all-or-none response—either the fibers contract or they remain relaxed.
The force of a muscle contraction is determined by the number of muscle fibers that are stimulated.
As more fibers are activated, the force of the contraction increases.

68. Muscular Movement of Bones
Section 3 Muscular System
Chapter 45
Muscular Movement of Bones
Muscles are attached to the outer membrane of bone, the periosteum, either directly or by a tough fibrous cord of connective tissue called a tendon.
The point where the muscle attaches to the stationary bone is called the origin.
The point where the muscle attaches to the moving bone is called the insertion.

69. Muscular Movement of Bones, continued
Section 3 Muscular System
Chapter 45
Muscular Movement of Bones, continued
Most skeletal muscles are arranged in opposing pairs, and muscles move bones by pulling them.
The muscle that bends a joint is known as a flexor.
A muscle that straightens a joint is known as an extensor.
In order for smooth movement, one muscle in a pair must contract while the opposing muscle relaxes.

70. Opposing Muscles in the Arm
Section 3 Muscular System
Chapter 45
Opposing Muscles in the Arm

71. Muscular Movement and Bones
Section 3 Muscular System
Chapter 45
Muscular Movement and Bones

72. Chapter 45 Muscle Fatigue
Section 3 Muscular System
Chapter 45
Muscle Fatigue
Muscle cells store glycogen, which provides muscles with energy.
During prolonged and vigorous exertion and when glucose has been used up, fat molecules are utilized for energy.
When energy availability fails to keep pace with its use, muscle fatigue sets in. Muscle fatigue is the physiological inability of a muscle to contract, and is a result of a relative depletion of ATP.

73. Muscle Fatigue, continued
Section 3 Muscular System
Chapter 45
Muscle Fatigue, continued
Oxygen Debt
When the level of oxygen coming into the body is not enough to meet the demands of energy production, an oxygen debt is established.
Oxygen debt is the extra amount of oxygen that must be taken in by the body to replenish the muscles’ oxygen reserves and to allow for the breakdown of lactic acid within the muscles.

74. Chapter 45 Objectives Describe the functions of the skin.
Section 4 Integumentary System
Chapter 45
Objectives
Describe the functions of the skin.
Distinguish between the two layers that form skin.
Identify two types of glands found in the skin, and describe their functions.
Describe the structure of nails.
Describe the structure of hair.

75. Section 4 Integumentary System
Chapter 45
Skin
Skin is composed of two layers: the epidermis and the dermis.
Epidermis
The epidermis is the outer layer of skin and is composed of flattened epithelial cells.
The cells of the epidermis are filled with a protein called keratin, which gives skin its rough, leathery texture and its waterproof quality.

76. Chapter 45 Skin, continued Epidermis, continued
Section 4 Integumentary System
Chapter 45
Skin, continued
Epidermis, continued
The color of skin is mainly determined by a brown pigment called melanin, which is produced by cells in the lower layers of the epidermis.
The amount of melanin produced in skin depends on two factors: heredity and the length of time the skin is exposed to ultraviolet radiation.

77. Chapter 45 Skin, continued Dermis
Section 4 Integumentary System
Chapter 45
Skin, continued
Dermis
The dermis is the inner layer of skin and is composed of living cells and other specialized structures.
These specialized cells help the skin protect the body as much as possible.

78. Chapter 45 Skin, continued Glands
Section 4 Integumentary System
Chapter 45
Skin, continued
Glands
The skin contains exocrine glands, which are glands that release secretions through ducts. The main exocrine glands present in the skin are sweat glands and oil glands.
Sweat glands are distributed throughout the body and release excess water salts and urea. Sweat glands also help regulate the bodies temperature.

79. Chapter 45 Skin, continued Glands, continued
Section 4 Integumentary System
Chapter 45
Skin, continued
Glands, continued
Oil glands are excretory glands that secret a substance called sebum. Oil glands are also called sebaceous glands.
Sebum is an oily secretion that prevents excess water loss, softens hair and skin, and protects the body by being mildly toxic to some bacteria.
Acne occurs when the ducts of oil glands become clogged with excessive amounts of sebum, dead cells, and bacteria.

80. Section 4 Integumentary System
Chapter 45
Structure of Skin

81. Section 4 Integumentary System
Chapter 45
Parts of the Skin

82. Section 4 Integumentary System
Chapter 45
Nails
Nails help protect the fingers and toes by forming nail roots under skin folds at the base and sides of the nail.
Nails are also made primarily of keratin and rest on a bed of tissue filled with blood vessels.
Nails can be an indicator of some kinds of diseases due to their composition and location.

83. Cross Section of Fingernail
Section 4 Integumentary System
Chapter 45
Cross Section of Fingernail

84. Section 4 Integumentary System
Chapter 45
Hair
Hair protects and insulates the body and is produced by hair follicles, which are clusters of cells at the base of deep dermal pits.
Hair is composed of keratin and is kept soft by the oil glands associated with the hair follicle.
Hair color is the result of the presence of the pigment melanin in the hair shaft.

85. Chapter 45 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. The thoracic cavity contains which organs?
A. brain
B. spine
C. organs of the digestive system
D. organs of the respiratory system

86. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 45
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. The thoracic cavity contains which organs?
A. brain
B. spine
C. organs of the digestive system
D. organs of the respiratory system

87. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 45
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. The cells of connective tissue are embedded in what substance?
F. matrix
G. keratin
H. marrow
J. synovial fluid

88. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 45
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. The cells of connective tissue are embedded in what substance?
F. matrix
G. keratin
H. marrow
J. synovial fluid

89. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 45
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. The periosteum is a membrane that does which of the following?
A. covers the bone
B. contains marrow
C. produces red blood cells
D. increases the length of long bones

90. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 45
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. The periosteum is a membrane that does which of the following?
A. covers the bone
B. contains marrow
C. produces red blood cells
D. increases the length of long bones

91. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 45
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. Which of the following is true about the dermis?
F. It is the top layer of skin.
G. It contains cardiac muscle.
H. It is made up of dead cells.
J. It contains nerves and blood vessels.

92. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 45
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. Which of the following is true about the dermis?
F. It is the top layer of skin.
G. It contains cardiac muscle.
H. It is made up of dead cells.
J. It contains nerves and blood vessels.

93. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 45
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use the graph below to answer question 5. The graph shows the relationship between skin type, UV index, and sun burns.

94. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 45
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. Which of the following statements about skin type 1 is true?
A. Skin type 4 will never sunburn.
B. Skin type 1 will always burn in less than 20 minutes.
C. Skin type 1 is less sensitive to UV exposure that skin type 4 is.
D. Skin type 1 is more sensitive to UV exposure that skin type 4 is.

95. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 45
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. Which of the following statements about skin type 1 is true?
A. Skin type 4 will never sunburn.
B. Skin type 1 will always burn in less than 20 minutes.
C. Skin type 1 is less sensitive to UV exposure that skin type 4 is.
D. Skin type 1 is more sensitive to UV exposure that skin type 4 is.

96. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 45
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Complete the following analogy:
6. nerve : neuron :: bone :
F. marrow
G. skeleton
H. osteocyte
J. Haversian canal

97. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 45
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Complete the following analogy:
6. nerve : neuron :: bone :
F. marrow
G. skeleton
H. osteocyte
J. Haversian canal

98. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 45
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use the figure below to answer question 7. The figure shows an enlargement of actin and myosin filaments.
7. Which part of the sarcomere represents the Z line?
A. feature 1
B. feature 2
C. feature 3
D. feature 4

99. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 45
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use the figure below to answer question 7. The figure shows an enlargement of actin and myosin filaments.
7. Which part of the sarcomere represents the Z line?
A. feature 1
B. feature 2
C. feature 3
D. feature 4

100. Chapter 45 Short Response
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response
Red bone marrow inside spongy bone produces red blood cells, which are specialized cells used to carry oxygen throughout the body.
How are red blood cells transported around the body?

101. Short Response, continued
Chapter 45
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
Red bone marrow inside spongy bone produces red blood cells, which are specialized cells used to carry oxygen throughout the body.
How are red blood cells transported around the body?
Answer: Red blood cells are transported to other parts of the body through the bloodstream, which enters the bones through the Haversian canals.

102. Chapter 45 Extended Response Standardized Test Prep
Base your answers to parts A & B on the information below.
A single layer of smooth muscle encircles the walls of blood vessels. The walls of the stomach and small intestine have a layer of circular smooth muscle and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle.
Part A How does the muscle arrangement of blood vessels reflect the function of this structure?
Part B How does the muscle arrangement of the stomach and small intestines reflect the function of these structures?

103. Extended Response, continued
Chapter 45
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response, continued
Answer:
Part A Blood vessels need to constrict in only one direction to push blood through the body.
Part B The stomach and small intestines constrict in two directions to break up food and move it along the digestive tract.