1. Sex and Gender: The Sociological Approach
By: Lori Incitti

2. Thesis
To differentiate between the terms ‘Sex’ and ‘Gender’ while thoroughly explaining where the underlying confusion which causes the misuse of these terms comes from and how to use them in the proper context.

3. Sex The biological identification of an
individual as ‘male’ or ‘female’ depending
on their physical traits.
Obvious physical differences between
male and female humans.
Primary sex characteristics
Penis v.s vagina and other internal and external sexual characteristics
Secondary sex characteristics: not directly related to reproduction
EX: Males-lower voice, more muscles, taller, more body hair
EX: Females-more fatty tissue, wider hips, breasts

4. Gender Refers to masculinity or femininity
Perceived, projected femininity/ masculinity of a person.
Correlates normally with biological identification of an individual.
Raised to follow a certain pattern of behavior
Social groups define what is
acceptable for a male/female
to act like.

5. Gender Identity and Gender Role
Gender identity is one’s own sense and conviction of being male or female.
Is usually controlled by society.
Deviation from one’s biological, corresponding gender identity is not a norm.
Gender role is conforming
socially with expectations for
either male or female.
Deviation from these roles is
becoming more common

6. Sex v.s. Gender Sex Gender Biological Can be changed
Transgender
Primary sexual characteristics
Chromosomes,
genes, etc.
Subjective to cultural norms
Psychological
Different expectations
Social
Instilled from young age
EX: baby boys wrapped in blue, girls in pink.
Device by which a society controls it’s members

7. Female v.s. Male (gender)
Femininity
Give birth to and raise children
No or only part-time job
Lower job status
Glass Ceiling
Mommy Track
Masculinity
Primary money maker
Provides for family
Receives higher salary
Does better in predominantly female dominated fields
Glass Elevator

8. Female v.s. Male (sex) Female Male
Enlargement of breasts
Growth of body hair, most prominently underarm and pubic hair
Vaginal
and uterine
growth
Widening
of hips
Decreased
secretions of
oil and sweat
glands, causing
less acne and
body odor
Growth of body hair, including underarm, abdominal, chest, and pubic hair
Growth of facial hair
Deepening of voice
Increased height
Increased muscle mass and strength
Broadening of shoulders and chest; shoulders wider than hips
Increased secretions of oil and sweat glands, often causing acne and body odor

9. Case Study: Gender-Fair Co-op Practices in Cebu, Philippines
Established concrete data to prove that women’s participation in co-op leadership has impacted on the co-operative’s operations after a decade of gender intervention in co-ops.
Co-ops are an association of people who unite voluntarily to meet common economic, social, and cultural needs. A co-op is a democratically run and controlled enterprise.
Key informants selected as main respondents were women.
Men also included as respondents to validate, confirm and re-enforce ideas and give comments.
Data indicated that co-ops gained more income with women in the boardroom.

10. Sources
“Chapter 11." Sex and Gender. 13 May 2009 < >
“Sex and Gender: Same or Different?” University of Hawaii System. 13 May <
“secondary sex characteristic: Definition from Answers.com.” Answers.com - Online Dictionary, Encyclopedia and much more. 13 May <
“Viewpoint: Sex Versus Gender.” The National Organization for Women (NOW) web site. 13 May <
“Definition 2.0 » Blog Archive » Gender Roles vs. Sex vs. Gender Identity vs. Sexuality.” Earlbecke.com - The Creative Work of J.R. Earlbecke. 13 May <
“Sex vs. Gender (Gender, sex, language, political correctness, pc) at Find Quotations.” All philosophy, online opinions - idea reason attitude feeling cool control notion viewpoint . May <
“Project Title: Case Study on Gender-Fair Coop Practices in Cebu, Philippines.” External Collaborator: Visayas Cooperative Development Center (VICTO). May <