1. Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved CHOICE AND CHANGE The Psychology of Personal Growth and Interpersonal Relationships, 7 th ed. by April O’Connell, Vincent O’Connell, and Ann Kuntz Chapter 11 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS: Trying to Function in Dysfunctional Ways ISBN :0131891707 Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

2. Chapter 11 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS By the end of this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Explain the need for the Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM) as a “common language” 2. State the reasons we do not always “blame mother” for abnormal behavior 3. Explain why it is difficult to diagnose mental mental disorders 4. Recognize the key elements of the major mental disorders 5. State how we know that anxiety disorders are environmentally determined -- and that bipolar disorder is genetic 6. Explain the value of the multiaxial evaluation that - - was introduced into the DSM-IV-TR 7. Describe how we distinguish between transient - emotional states we all experience and severe - - emotional states that need professional help 8. Describe the difference between the positive - symptoms of schizophrenia and the negative symptoms - - --- 9. Explain why people afflicted with -- personality disorders do not go into the therapeutic situation voluntarily

3. Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE DSM: THE NEED FOR A COMMON LANGUAGE So in 1953. the American Psychiatric Association published the first DSM, similar to the Physician’s Desk Reference called the PDR. A TOWER OF BABEL TODAY THE DSM HAS BECOME A WORLD-WIDE STANDARD. Shown here: Reading from bottom left and then clockwise: Microbiology, physical therapy, pharmacology, epidemiology, psychotherapy, and psychiatric nursing. By WW II, it was becoming more difficult for the many mental health disciplines to communicate

4. Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved ETIOLOGY OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR We no longer always “blame mother” because today we know: Some mental disorders have a strong genetic basis Penetrance factors can affect the unborn child Birthing can be difficult and cause birth defects Child rearing is too harsh, too lenient or too neglectful Child can be abused physically or sexually Criminality can be caused by school failure Pollutants in our food, water, and air Drugs can damage nervous system Illness can trigger mental disorders Destructive life styles foster mental illness

5. Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE MULTIAXIAL DIMENSION OF THE DSM Prognosis and Treatment depends on many demographic variables: Gender, age, ethnicity Employment record Financial resources Social support system Nutrition, physical activity, health Use of alcohol, drugs, medications Ethnic high risk for mental disorder Involvement with the law Attitude toward treatment plan Poverty and homelessness

6. Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE RISING RATE OF ANXIETY DISORDERS Bipolar disorder has stayed at one percent worldwide, indicating a genetic etiology. In the last 50 years, anxiety disorders have been constantly rising, indicating environmental etiology. PERSONAL The need to stay eternally slim, young, and beautiful Staying financially secure during times of downsizing Increasing demands to raise healthy, happy children Our rootlessness caused by moving far from friends and family SOCIAL The competition to succeed and climb the career ladder The frantic pace of modern life The rape of the planet and extinction of life forms Concern for people in poverty and ethnic inequality Fear of street crime and corporate criminality GLOBAL The race to find energy alternatives Concern for the increasing world garbage Fears that world pollution is irreversible After 9/11 concern for future terror attacks The ever-present fear of global warfare

7. Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA Positive Symptoms include: Hallucinations Delusions & grandiose ideas Confused thought processes Garbled speech Feelings of persecution Negative Symptoms include: Shallow affect Withdrawal from others No constructive life plan Irritability Often homeless, hobos

8. Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE PERSONALITY DISORDERS These people do not enter therapy voluntarily: They blame others for their problems Often have criminal records Paranoid personalities Antisocial personalities Borderline personalities They enjoy the drama of their lives -- -- and are highly self-focused Narcissistic personalities Histrionic personalities They have a high degree of anxiety -- so withdraw from others Paranoid personalities They have a high degree of anxiety and - - need to be in control of environment such as watching every penny and cleaning every speck of dirt Obsessive-compulsive personalities