1. Target
African Americas, Native Americans, and women had almost no rights during many time periods. What are some of the reasons why the government might have prevented these groups from buying land, voting, starting a business, or signing a contract?

2. Georgia’s Redemption Years
According to the World Book, redemption can mean buying back, paying off a debt, or a state of being rescued, or delivered from some great evil…
How does Redemption fit Georgia after the Reconstruction Period?

3. What played an important part in the rebirth of Atlanta after the Civil War?

4. A City Rises from the Ashes
Atlanta was burned by Northern Troops
By 1861, Atlanta was 4th largest city
During the 1860’s center for communication and supplies
By 2000 there is more than 4 million population in Atlanta
Atlanta is state capital in 1868

5. The Bourbon Triumvirate
Three Democrats that tried to help Georgia rebuild after Reconstruction
Wanted stronger economic ties with the industrial North
Wanted to protect White Supremacy
Active in Georgia Politics from
Influenced Georgia Politics well into the 20th century
Bourbon – a line of kings from France who ruled for over 200 years
Triumvirate – a ruling body of three

6. Joseph E. Brown The oldest member of the triumvirate
Born in South Carolina, grew up in Union County
Graduated from Yale Law School
State Senator, Blue Ridge Judicial Circuit Judge
Georgia Governor in 1857 (served 3 terms)
Asked Georgians to go along with Radical Reconstructionists
Chief Justice of Georgia Supreme Court
Worked for company that leased Western and Atlantic Railroad
US Senator until 1891, when Gordon resigned(1880)
Trustee for University of Georgia
President of Atlanta Board of Education

7. Alfred H. Colquitt
Born in Walton County, son of US Senator (Colquitt County is named for his father)
Princeton University
Fought in the Mexican War
State Senator with Brown in 1849, became a close friend with Brown
Major General in Civil War
Elected Governor in 1876
He was tried for corruption, but found innocent
Reduced state debt and a new state constitution was approved 1877, the next one would be 1945
Served in the US Senate1883 and 1888, died 1894

8. John B. Gordon Son of a minister, born in Upson County
Attended the University of Georgia
Worked as a newspaper correspondent
Manager of a coal mine in Dade County at beginning of Civil War
Lt. General in Civil War, wrote a book about it
In 1872, he became a US Senator
In 1880, he resigned the senate and worked with railroads
In 1886, he became Georgia Governor
Reduced debt and brought industry into the state
Returned to US Senate in
Gordon College in Barnesville, is named after him.

9. 5W’s and H
Create a chart using the following words, who, what, when, where, why, and how to describe the following terms: Bourbon Triumvirate, Joseph Brown, Alfred Colquitt, and John B. Gordon

10. Quick check of Understanding
Bourbon Triumvirate
Joseph Brown
Alfred Colquitt
John B. Brown
Who
What
When
Where
Why

11. What happened to cause the decline of the Bourbon Triumvirate?
Which man has a statue at the state capital? The only statue there of a man on horseback…
Joseph E. Brown
Alfred H. Colquitt
What happened to cause the decline of the Bourbon Triumvirate?
John B. Gordon

12. The Decline of the B. T.
Not all Georgians were satisfied with the accomplishments of the Bourbon Triumvirate and other Democrats who sought to reconstruct the economy of the south
They did not help the poor, or education, no reforms for factory working conditions, or improvements in mental hospitals
Not only did they not improve the lives of convicts (prisoners) in the state, most profited personally from their labors.

13. The Feltons Challenge the Bourbons
New Group Independent Democrats
Started in Cartersville, GA
Leaders were William and Rebecca Latimer Felton – William was a doctor, Methodist preacher, farmer, and public speaker.
Their family owned The Carterville Courant, a newspaper.
Rebecca was a leader in Women’s Suffrage and Temperance Movements
In 1889, Hoke Smith asked her to be a columnist for the Atlanta Journal.
She remained with the Journal for 41 years.

14. The Convict Lease System
During the Civil War prisons were destroyed
After the War, lack of jobs led to crime
What was the state to do with increase of prison population? (90% were black)
One solution was the Convict Lease System
Began in 1866
Prisoners were leased to people who provide them with food, clothing, and housing in exchange for labor
Began with the use of prisoners to do public work

15. By 1879… Injustices began to show in the Convict Lease Program
Most of the prisoners went to three main companies, 2 owned by Brown and Gordon
Companies agreed to pay the state $25,000 in return for the use of however many prisoners they could get
They were to give the prisoners housing, clothing, medicine, rest on Sundays
The companies ignored the rights of the prisoners and in some cases worked them to death

16. In the 1880’s…
Legislative committees met to study the problem of prisoners
Not only were prisoners hurt, but paid laborers who were already poor, were not able to find work because the prisoners took all the jobs.
The Feltons worked tirelessly to change the laws
The Convict Lease System was changed in 1897

17. The Populists Movement
Dr. and Mrs. Felton pushed for:
Improvements in Education
Improvements in Prison reform
Limits on alcohol traffic

18. The New South Henry W. Grady Born in Athens in 1850. Henry W. Grady
Graduated from UGA
In 1880, he became the managing editor of the Atlanta Constitution.
Henry W. Grady
In 1874, Grady wrote for the Atlanta Daily Herald
He described the need for a “New South”

19. Henry W. Grady, the South’s Best Salesman
Grady visited northern cities and spoke frequently about the “New South”
Spoke of the growing southern economy, replacing agriculture with industry, textile mills, coal and iron mining, and tobacco factories
He wanted the African Americans to become partners in developing the “NEW SOUTH”
Grady died of Pneumonia at the age of 39. He accomplished much in his short life.

20. Education in the New South Era Outline
The Three-Month School Year, met two important needs:
Enabled students to get a public school education
Enabled them to hold jobs in factories/mills
Different times and places in each community

21. Education in the New South Era
Teacher Training late 1800’s
People who wanted to teach took a test (70, passing)
Most had never been to college
In 1882, 252 teachers went to school in Georgia

22. Education Takes a Giant Step Backward
Education in the New South Era
Education Takes a Giant Step Backward
a. In 1877, limited to elementary education
b. Segregated schools, until 1960’s
c. African Americans were left to be schooled in substandard schools with second hand supplies

23. Tom Watson Georgia’s best known Populist
Concerned about Georgia’s poor and struggling farmers
Served in US Congress in 1890, Democrat
1891, switched to Populist Party
Introduced the RFD bill, which gave farmers free mail service
He began two magazines in Georgia to influence politics

24. 1906 Race Riot Blamed on several sources
Saturday, September 22, local newspapers carried false reports of black assaulting whites
By 9 pm, over 5,000 whites and blacks gathered on Decatur Street
Rumors of whites with guns caused fear to grow
Reality struck, the riots lasted for two days, Martial Law was declared to stop the violence 21 people were killed, 18 black, hundreds were injured
A French Newspaper reported on the Race Riots in Atlanta

25. The Trial of Leo Frank
Frank, born in NY, was superintendent of the National Pencil Company factory in Atlanta
Charged with the murder of Mary Phagan, a 14 yr. old employee
He was tried and convicted and sentenced to death.
Proof was just from one witness who was also a suspect.
Frank was Jewish, and many people did not like his religious beliefs.
His lawyers appealed to the state supreme court.
The governor, Slaton, changed his sentence from death to life in prison
The change in his sentence angered KKK members
25 armed Klan members went to his prison sale, took him and hanged him

26. Thus they were reborn in Georgia, and in other states.
The Klan is Reborn
In July, 1915, due to the anti-Jewish feelings following the Leo Frank case, the KKK received a charter from the Fulton County Superior Court.
On Thanksgiving night 1915, Atlanta preacher and salesman William Simmons and 34 others climbed to the top of Stone Mountain and lit torches as they circled a burning cross. They called their group the Knights of Mary Phagan.
Thus they were reborn in Georgia, and in other states.

27. County Unit System 1917 – Neill Primary Act
What is it?
What did those who oppose it think?
What did those who supported it think?
How long was it in effect in Georgia?
Why did it end?

28. County Unit System 1917 – Neill Primary Act
What is it?
A method of counting votes for each county as a unit
The 8 most populated counties had 6 county unit votes each (total 48 votes)
The next 30 had 4 votes each (120 votes)
The remaining 121 counties had 2 votes each (242 votes)
The most populated areas were not represented equally…

29. County Unit System 1917 – Neill Primary Act
What did those who oppose it think?
Men who were elected to office without a majority of the state’s popular vote did not represent the people of Georgia

30. County Unit System 1917 – Neill Primary Act
What did those who supported it think?
This system allows small, less-populated counties to have the same power and influence as large counties
How long was it in effect in Georgia?
Until 1962
Why did it end?
It was declared UNCONSTITUTIONAL

31. Denial of Civil Rights
Jim Crow Laws - established separate facilities for blacks and whites
Restrooms, water fountains, dining areas, railroad cars, waiting rooms, hotels
Plessy V. Ferguson – made segregation the law of the land until 1954
Gave states the right to control social discrimination and to promote segregation of the races
Cummings V. Richmond County Bd. Of Education – again the Supreme Court sided with Georgia against Black parents in Augusta

32. Denial of Civil Rights
Grandfather Clause: a clause inserted in the Georgia Constitution in 1908 that stated only those men whose fathers or grandfathers had been eligible to vote in 1867 were eligible to vote – it disenfranchised most of Georgia’s African Americans
Poll Tax: a tax to be able to vote, they also had to own property and be able to pass a literacy test. These tests were not standard and could be made up on the spot.

33. Booker T. Washington
Economic independence is the only road to social and political equality
He gave his most famous speech at the Cotton States and International Exposition
His speech was delivered to a racially mixed crowd
His speech shaped race relations and strongly influenced black leadership for the next 20 years

34. A ship lost at sea for many days suddenly sighted a friendly vessel
A ship lost at sea for many days suddenly sighted a friendly vessel. From the mast of the unfortunate vessel was seen a signal, “Water, water; we die of thirst!”
The answer from the friendly vessel at once came back, “Cast down your bucket where you are.” A second time the signal “Water, water; send us water!” ran up from the distressed vessel, and was answered, “Cast down your bucket where you are!” A third and fourth signal for water was answered, “Cast down your bucket where you are.”
DISCUSSION:
What does this mean?
Which Civil Right Leader of the ’s also used this same idea in his speeches?
Do you think Washington was trying to help the blacks or the whites? Why?

35. Cotton States and International Exposition, 1895
This exposition was a way to showcase the economic recovery of the south and to show natural resources to attract Northern businesses to the south.

36. W. E. B. Dubois, Professor of Economics, Atlanta University
Did not agree with Washington
Truth and knowledge would help integrate the races
“Talented 10th” – would be educated and would lead and teach the other 90% of the African American population
He called Washington and his followers the “Tuskegee Machine”

37. John and Lugenia Hope
John Hope had more in common with Dubois, he was close friends with Dubois and they were both educators in the Atlanta University system
Hope was the President of Atlanta University
Hope brought all the African American Colleges together and formed the Atlanta University Center.
Mrs. Hope organized the Neighborhood Union which offered vocational training, health center, and boys and girls clubs.
Also gave financial aid

38. Alonzo Herndon Born a slave on a Walton County Plantation
Learned to be a Barber
Opened a shop in Atlanta
Started to expand businesses as a white barber
Began buying property and ended up owning most of Auburn Avenue
In 1905, he bought a small insurance company and hired African American students to run the company.
It became the largest African American Owned company in the Nation at the time. Today it is still a leader worth over $200 million and does business in 17 states
Herndon died in 1927: “Some of us sit and wait for opportunity when it is always with us.”

39. Rich’s Famous Atlanta Department Store (now known as Macy’s)
Started in 1867, by Morris Rich
Known as a store “with heart”
took farmers’ produce in payment
took teachers’ scrip as money during the Great Depression
Grew to be a regional shopping chain

40. Coca-Cola Invented in Atlanta in 1885, by John S. Pemberton as tonic
Business purchased and expanded by Asa Candler
Sold company in 1919, for $25 million
Robert Woodruff grew company to billions of dollars in sales each year
Woodruff and Candler generous givers to worthy causes
Asa Chandler

42. In 1812, this political cartoon appeared in the Boston Weekly Messenger depicting the odd shape of a voting district created by Massachusetts governor Elbridge Gerry to gain political advantage for his party. The cartoonist called it a “Gerry-mander.”