1. Romanticism Chapter 23

2. A reaction against rationalism Emphasis on human emotion, senses, passion, faith Emphasis on human emotion, senses, passion, faith Rejected Enlightenment’s view of nature as a precise harmonious whole Rejected Enlightenment’s view of nature as a precise harmonious whole Rejected Deism (remember German Pietism) Rejected Deism (remember German Pietism) Encouraged personal freedom Encouraged personal freedom Emphasis on feeling = humanitarian movements: against slavery, poverty, evils of industry Emphasis on feeling = humanitarian movements: against slavery, poverty, evils of industry

3. Embraced History Embraced ideals of Middle Ages: Honor, faith, chivalry Embraced ideals of Middle Ages: Honor, faith, chivalry Gothic architecture: British Houses of Parliament Gothic architecture: British Houses of Parliament Gothic Novels Popular in Western Europe Gothic Novels Popular in Western Europe In Central and Eastern Europe: focus on peasant life, folk tales, folk songs, proverbs In Central and Eastern Europe: focus on peasant life, folk tales, folk songs, proverbs

4. Early Romantic Philosophers Rousseau: Social Contract 1762: Society and materialism corrupted human nature Rousseau: Social Contract 1762: Society and materialism corrupted human nature Man a “Noble Savage” in the state of nature Man a “Noble Savage” in the state of nature Kant: Accepted the rationalism of the Enlightenment BUT preserved the belief in human freedom, immortality, existence of God Kant: Accepted the rationalism of the Enlightenment BUT preserved the belief in human freedom, immortality, existence of God Helped to establish philosophy as separate from religion Helped to establish philosophy as separate from religion

5. Sturm and Drang (Storm and Stress) Used by German romantics to communicate emotional intensity Used by German romantics to communicate emotional intensity Hegel: German idealist Hegel: German idealist The Dialectic: The Dialectic: Thesis: Initial idea Antithesis: Opposing view Antithesis: Opposing view Clash of above = Synthesis: a hybrid of the 2 ideas Synthesis: a hybrid of the 2 ideas

6. Fichte Father of German Nationalism Father of German Nationalism Anti-Semitic Anti-Semitic Address to the German People: Developed a romantic nationalism promoting the idea that German culture is superior to all others…especially to Jewish culture Address to the German People: Developed a romantic nationalism promoting the idea that German culture is superior to all others…especially to Jewish culture

7. Romantic Poetry Poetry was believed to be the best of all literary forms because it was the expression of one’s soul Poetry was believed to be the best of all literary forms because it was the expression of one’s soul The English Romantics: The English Romantics: Wordsworth: Tinturn Abby Wordsworth: Tinturn Abby Coleridge: Rime of the Ancient Mariner Coleridge: Rime of the Ancient Mariner Brothers-in-law who collaborated on Lyrical Ballads Brothers-in-law who collaborated on Lyrical Ballads Launched the Romantic Period in England Hugely influenced by Rousseau Hugely influenced by Rousseau Used ordinary language to idealize simple subjects Used ordinary language to idealize simple subjects

8. Sir Walter Scott Scottish Scottish Long narrative poems and historical novels: Long narrative poems and historical novels: Rob Roy: Poem about a legendary Scottish folk hero Rob Roy: Poem about a legendary Scottish folk hero Ivanhoe: Novel about a fight between Saxon and Norman knights in medieval England Ivanhoe: Novel about a fight between Saxon and Norman knights in medieval England Both represented the Romantic’s interest in history

9. Byron, Keats, Shelley Lord Byron: Don Juan, She Walks in Beauty… Lord Byron: Don Juan, She Walks in Beauty… Fought in Italy against Austria for the Carbonari Fought in Italy against Austria for the Carbonari Died fighting in war for Greek independence Died fighting in war for Greek independence Shelley: Prometheus Unbound: tells the story of a revolt of humans against an oppressive society Shelley: Prometheus Unbound: tells the story of a revolt of humans against an oppressive society Keats: Ode on a Grecian Urn: Great example of use of ordinary language to idealize the ordinary Keats: Ode on a Grecian Urn: Great example of use of ordinary language to idealize the ordinary

10. German Romantics Schiller: poem: Ode to Joy Schiller: poem: Ode to Joy about universal human solidarity about universal human solidarity was incorporated into Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony was incorporated into Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony Also wrote about man achieving freedom through the aesthetic of beauty Goethe: Faust Goethe: Faust Seemed to criticize the excesses of romanticism Seemed to criticize the excesses of romanticism Faust sold his soul to the devil in exchange for his experiencing all human experience Faust sold his soul to the devil in exchange for his experiencing all human experience

11. Germans continued Goethe: The Sorrows of Young Werther Goethe: The Sorrows of Young Werther Werther personified the Romantic Hero who was misunderstood and rejected by society BUT stayed true to his inner feelings Werther personified the Romantic Hero who was misunderstood and rejected by society BUT stayed true to his inner feelings Then he was rejected by a girl he loved Then he was rejected by a girl he loved Then he committed suicide Then he committed suicide This novel influenced many others of the era with tragic stories of lovers

12. Germans continued Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm: Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm: Grimm’s Fairy Tales: a collection of German folk tales Grimm’s Fairy Tales: a collection of German folk tales Influenced by Herder…Volksgeist Influenced by Herder…Volksgeist Shows how German nationalism and romanticism were tied together Shows how German nationalism and romanticism were tied together

13. France Victor Hugo: Victor Hugo: The Hunchback of Notre Dame The Hunchback of Notre Dame Les Miserables Les Miserables Romanticism shown through strange settings, human emotion, fantastic characters

14. France continued Dumas: The Three Musketeers Dumas: The Three Musketeers Historical Historical Adventure Adventure Background: Court of Louis XIII Background: Court of Louis XIII

15. England again George Sand: Female writer. George Sand: Female writer. Themes: romantic love of nature and moral idealism Themes: romantic love of nature and moral idealism Mary Shelley Frankenstein: Mary Shelley Frankenstein: First Science Fiction First Science Fiction Frankenstein as “Natural man” misunderstood and rejected by society and driven to murder Frankenstein as “Natural man” misunderstood and rejected by society and driven to murder

16. Romantic Architecture Inspired by ideals of the Middle Ages Inspired by ideals of the Middle Ages Gothic style returned: neogothic Gothic style returned: neogothic Best example: British Houses of Parliament rebuilt in mid-1800’s Best example: British Houses of Parliament rebuilt in mid-1800’s

17. Houses of Parliament

18. Romantic Art Caspar David Friedrich Caspar David Friedrich Mystical view of the power of nature shown in many of his paintings Mystical view of the power of nature shown in many of his paintings Wanderer Above the Mist Wanderer Above the Mist

19. Wanderer Above the Mist…Friedrich

20. Eugene Delacroix Most famous French romantic painter Most famous French romantic painter Dramatic use of color Dramatic use of color Liberty Leading the People Liberty Leading the People His most famous work His most famous work Depicts the French Revolution of 1830 Depicts the French Revolution of 1830

21. Liberty Leading the People

22. Theodore Gericault Raft of the Medusa The power of nature and man’s attempt to survive its force The power of nature and man’s attempt to survive its force

23. J.M.W. Turner Paintings show nature’s power and terror Paintings show nature’s power and terror Wild storms and sinking ships Wild storms and sinking ships Landscapes, seascapes, sunrises, sunsets Landscapes, seascapes, sunrises, sunsets

24. Turner’s Stormy Sea with Blazing Wreck

25. John Constable Rural English Landscapes Rural English Landscapes People are in harmony with their environment People are in harmony with their environment

26. Constable

27. Music Strong connection to emotion Strong connection to emotion Connection to Nationalism through folk songs Connection to Nationalism through folk songs Ludwig van Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven The bridge between Classical and Romantic music The bridge between Classical and Romantic music One of the first composers to communicate inner human emotion through music One of the first composers to communicate inner human emotion through music One of the first composers not limited by patronage One of the first composers not limited by patronage His later works were written when he was deaf His later works were written when he was deaf First to incorporate vocal music in a symphony: Schiller’s Ode to Joy incorporated into the 9 th Symphony First to incorporate vocal music in a symphony: Schiller’s Ode to Joy incorporated into the 9 th Symphony

28. Romantic Music continued Franz Schubert wrote hundreds of German songs (Lieder) that blended music and Romantic poetry Franz Schubert wrote hundreds of German songs (Lieder) that blended music and Romantic poetry Hector Berlioz: founder of programmatic music which attempted to convey mood, action through instrumental music Hector Berlioz: founder of programmatic music which attempted to convey mood, action through instrumental music Symphony Fantastique: The first programmatic symphony and his masterpiece Symphony Fantastique: The first programmatic symphony and his masterpiece

29. Music continued Frederic Chopin Showcased Polish folk songs and dances Frederic Chopin Showcased Polish folk songs and dances Franz Liszt Showcased native Hungarian music Franz Liszt Showcased native Hungarian music Hungarian Rhapsody Hungarian Rhapsody Greatest piano virtuoso of the mid to late 19 th C. Greatest piano virtuoso of the mid to late 19 th C. Developed the symphonic poem (tone poem): a single movement symphonic work that was based on a literary or pictorial idea Developed the symphonic poem (tone poem): a single movement symphonic work that was based on a literary or pictorial idea

30. Music continued Antonin Dvorak Folk music of Bohemia Antonin Dvorak Folk music of Bohemia Giuseppi Verdi greatest Italian opera composer Giuseppi Verdi greatest Italian opera composer Richard Wagner Greatest German opera composer: German myths and legends Richard Wagner Greatest German opera composer: German myths and legends Along with Verdi, considered the greatest two opera composers of the 19 th century Along with Verdi, considered the greatest two opera composers of the 19 th century

31. Romanticism and Revolution Romanticism supported revolutionary movements that would give people more freedom and control over their own lives Romanticism supported revolutionary movements that would give people more freedom and control over their own lives Romanticism supported nationalistic movements that emphasized cultural tradition Romanticism supported nationalistic movements that emphasized cultural tradition Romanticism idealized revolutionary movements and had little real connection to political reality Romanticism idealized revolutionary movements and had little real connection to political reality

32. Romanticism and Revolution continued France: Delacroix France: Delacroix 1824 Massacre at Chios Portrays Greek Christians seeking independence from Ottoman savagery 1824 Massacre at Chios Portrays Greek Christians seeking independence from Ottoman savagery 1830 Liberty Leading the People Idealized a popular revolution, and its bourgeoisie and proletariat revolutionaries 1830 Liberty Leading the People Idealized a popular revolution, and its bourgeoisie and proletariat revolutionaries

33. Romanticism and Revolution continued Germany: Germany: Napoleonic Age propelled Germans to a nationalistic view: individuals would realize fulfillment by being part of a national culture, united by common history Napoleonic Age propelled Germans to a nationalistic view: individuals would realize fulfillment by being part of a national culture, united by common history Johann Gottfried von Herder: A leader of the Sturm and Drang movement. Johann Gottfried von Herder: A leader of the Sturm and Drang movement.

34. Romanticism and Revolution continued Johann Gottfried von Herder (continued) Johann Gottfried von Herder (continued) Urged Germans to study German literature, history, language in order to foster German unity Urged Germans to study German literature, history, language in order to foster German unity Believed an individual reached the highest stage of development by fostering a passionate connection to his national community: Volksgeist (Grimm’s Fairy Tales = national culture) Believed an individual reached the highest stage of development by fostering a passionate connection to his national community: Volksgeist (Grimm’s Fairy Tales = national culture)

35. Romanticism and Revolution continued Italy Popular heroes: Garibaldi & Mazzini and organizations: Carbonari and Young Italy inspired idealized nationalism Italy Popular heroes: Garibaldi & Mazzini and organizations: Carbonari and Young Italy inspired idealized nationalism Giuseppe Verdi: His operas evoked strong nationalistic feelings Giuseppe Verdi: His operas evoked strong nationalistic feelings In 1847 one of his operas nearly started a riot In 1847 one of his operas nearly started a riot By 1859 VERDI: an acronym for: Vittorio Emanuele Re (King) d’ Italia By 1859 VERDI: an acronym for: Vittorio Emanuele Re (King) d’ Italia 12 years later Victor Emmanuel was king of a united Italy 12 years later Victor Emmanuel was king of a united Italy

36. The End of Romanticism The failures of so many revolutions in 1848 led to disenchantment with Romanticism and the rise of Realism. The failures of so many revolutions in 1848 led to disenchantment with Romanticism and the rise of Realism.