1. VISUALIZIN G Prepared By: Dawn More, Algonquin College

2. Chapter 13: Psychological Disorders Media Enhanced PowerPoint  Presentation Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd 2

3. Lecture Overview Studying Psychological Disorders Anxiety Disorders Mood Disorders Schizophrenia Other Disorders How Gender and Culture Affect Abnormal Behaviour Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd3

4. Studying Psychological Disorders Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd4 1.Describe the four criteria for identifying abnormal behaviour. 2.Review how views of abnormal behaviour have changed through history. 3.Explain how the DSM-IV-TR is used to classify psychological disorders. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

5. Studying Psychological Disorders Abnormal behaviour: patterns of emotion, thought, and action considered pathological for one or more of four reasons: – statistical infrequency – disability or dysfunction – personal distress – violation of norms Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd5

6. Studying Psychological Disorders: Four Criteria for Abnormal Behaviour Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd6

7. Studying Psychological Disorders Historical perspectives: – In ancient times, people believed demons were the cause of abnormal behaviour. – In the 1790s, Pinel and others began to emphasize disease and physical illness, which later developed into the medical model. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd7

8. Studying Psychological Disorders Modern psychology includes seven major perspectives on abnormal behaviour. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd 8

9. Studying Psychological Disorders: Classifying Abnormal Behaviour The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR): – provides detailed descriptions of symptoms – contains over 200 diagnostic categories grouped into 17 major categories and five dimensions (or axes) Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd9

10. Studying Psychological Disorders: Classifying Abnormal Behaviour Five Axes of DSM-IV-TR (guidelines for making decisions about symptoms) – Axis I (current clinical disorders) – Axis II (personality disorders and mental retardation) – Axis III (general medical information) – Axis IV (psychosocial and environmental problems) – Axis V (global assessment of functioning) Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd10

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12. Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1.What are the four major standards for identifying abnormal behaviour? 2.The _____ provides detailed descriptions of the key symptoms of abnormal behaviour. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd12

13. Anxiety Disorders Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd13 1.Describe the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, and obsessive- compulsive disorder. 2.Summarize how psychological, biological, and sociocultural factors contribute to anxiety disorders. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

14. Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorder: characterized by unrealistic, irrational fear; four major anxiety disorders 1.Generalized Anxiety Disorder: persistent, uncontrollable, and free-floating anxiety 2.Panic Disorder: sudden and inexplicable panic attacks Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd14

15. Anxiety Disorders 3.Phobia: intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation 4.Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): intrusive, repetitive fearful thoughts (obsessions), urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviours (compulsions), or both Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd15

16. Anxiety Disorders Explanations of Anxiety Disorders: – Psychological—faulty cognitions, maladaptive learning – Biological—evolution, genetics, brain functioning, biochemistry – Sociocultural—environmental stressors, cultural socialization Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd16

17. Mood Disorders Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd17 1.Explain how major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder differ. 2.Summarize the research on the biological and psychological factors that contribute to mood disorders. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

18. Mood Disorders Mood Disorders: characterized by extreme disturbances in emotional states Two Main Types of Mood Disorders: – Major Depressive Disorder: long-lasting depressed mood that interferes with the ability to function, feel pleasure, or maintain interest in life – Bipolar Disorder: repeated episodes of mania and depression Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd18

19. Mood Disorders Using this hypothetical graph, note how major depressive disorders differ from bipolar disorders. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd19

20. Mood Disorders Explanations of Mood Disorders: – Biological—brain functioning, neurotransmitter imbalances, genetics, evolution – Psychosocial—environmental stressors, disturbed interpersonal relationships, faulty thinking, poor self-concept, learned helplessness, faulty attributions Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd20

21. Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1.What are the four major anxiety disorders? 2._____ are characterized by repeated episodes of mania and depression. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd21

22. Schizophrenia Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd22 1.Describe some common symptoms of schizophrenia. 2.Compare the traditional (four-group) system for classifying different types of schizophrenia with the (two-group) system that has recently emerged. 3.Summarize the biological and psychosocial factors that contribute to schizophrenia. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

23. Schizophrenia Schizophrenia: group of psychotic disorders, characterized by a general loss of contact with reality Five areas of major disturbance: 1.Perception (hallucinations) 2.Language (word salad, neologisms) 3.Thoughts (psychosis, delusions) 4.Emotion (exaggerated or flat affect) 5.Behaviour [unusual actions (e.g., catalepsy, waxy flexibility)] Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd23

24. Schizophrenia Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd24

25. Genetics and Schizophrenia Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd25

26. Schizophrenia Explanations of Schizophrenia: – Biological—genetic predisposition, disruptions in neurotransmitters, brain abnormalities – Psychosocial—stress, disturbed family communication Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd26

27. Schizophrenia – The Biopsychosocial Model Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd27

28. Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1._____ is a group of psychotic disorders, characterized by a general loss of contact with reality. 2.What are the three biological and two psychological factors that may contribute to schizophrenia? Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd28

29. Other Disorders Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd29 1.Explain how substance abuse and substance dependence differ. 2.Describe the types of dissociative disorders. 3.Identify the major characteristics of personality disorders. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

30. Other Disorders Substance-related disorder abuse of, or dependence on, a mood- or behaviour- altering drug) Two general groups: – Substance abuse (interferes with social or occupational functioning) – Substance dependence (shows physical reactions, such as tolerance and withdrawal) Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd30

31. Other Disorders: Substance-Related Disorder Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd31

32. Other Disorders: Substance-Related Disorder People with substance-related disorders also commonly suffer from other psychological disorders, a condition known as comorbidity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd32

33. Other Disorders Dissociative Disorders: splitting apart (dis- association) of experience from memory or consciousness Types of Dissociative Disorders: – Dissociative Amnesia – Dissociative Fugue – Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd33

34. Other Disorders Best known and most severe dissociative disorder: – Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): presence of two or more distinct personality systems in the same person at different times (previously known as multiple personality disorder) Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd34

35. Other Disorders Personality Disorder: inflexible, maladaptive personality traits causing significant impairment of social and occupational functioning Examples of personality disorders: – Antisocial Personality Disorder – Borderline Personality Disorder Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd35

36. Other Disorders Antisocial Personality Disorder: profound disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others Key Traits: – Egocentrism – Lack of conscience – Impulsive behaviour – Superficial charm Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd36

37. Other Disorders Explanations of Antisocial Personality Disorder – Biological—genetic predisposition, abnormal brain functioning – Psychological—abusive parenting, inappropriate modelling Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd37

38. Other Disorders Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD): impulsivity and instability in mood, relationships, and self-image Explanations of BPD: – Psychological—childhood history of neglect, emotional deprivation, abuse – Biological—genetic inheritance, impaired brain functioning Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd38

39. Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1.People with substance-related disorders also commonly suffer from other psychological disorders, a condition known as ______. 2.A serial killer would likely be diagnosed as a(n) _____ disorder. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd39

40. How Gender and Culture Affect Abnormal Behaviour Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd40 1.Identify the biological, psychological, and social factors that might explain gender differences in depression. 2.Explain why it is difficult to directly compare mental disorders across cultures. 3.Explain why recognizing the difference between culture-general and culture-bound disorders and symptoms can help prevent ethnocentrism in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

41. How Gender and Culture Affect Abnormal Behaviour Gender and Depression: – Women are more often depressed. Why? Combination of biological, psychological, and social forces (biopsychosocial model) Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd41

42. How Gender and Culture Affect Abnormal Behaviour Culture-General Symptoms: shared symptoms across cultures Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd42

43. How Gender and Culture Affect Abnormal Behaviour Culture-Bound Symptoms: unique symptoms that differ across cultures Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd43

44. How Gender and Culture Affect Abnormal Behaviour Gender and Cultural Diversity: Numerous culturally general symptoms, but significant differences exist in: – Prevalence – Form – Onset – Prognosis Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd44

45. Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1.What factors contribute to the higher incidence of depression among women than men? 2.____________ are shared symptoms across cultures Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd45

46. Multimedia Understanding Mental Illness Mental illnesses can take many forms, just as physical illnesses do. Treatments A history of treatments for the insane and instable. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) Psychiatric Diagnoses are categorized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th. Edition. The Facts on Anxiety Disorders Everyone experiences anxiety from time to time as a result of a situation that we perceive as threatening, such as having to do an oral presentation, having a near-miss with a car, or waiting for the results of a lab test. What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder? Generalized Anxiety Disorder, or GAD, is an anxiety disorder that affects about 5% of the population. Make Better Health Decisions Healthwise® Knowledgebase Panic Disorder This site will help you understand the Panic Trick and show you how to recover from Panic Disorder. The Facts on Phobias Phobias are fears sparked by certain situations that can interfere with a person's coping abilities or lead them to stay away altogether. Treating real trauma and phobias in a virtual world You’re deathly afraid of flying, but are buckled into your seat watching the scenery disappear outside the window. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder What is OCD? What is Obsessive Compulsive Disorder? Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is a common, treatable anxiety disorder. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd Web Links 46

47. Multimedia Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by persistent intrusive ideas, thoughts, impulses or images (obsessions) which often result in performing compulsive rituals over and over again. Resources The Mood Disorders Society of Canada believes that consumers, families and caregivers are entitled to clear, accurate information about mood disorders and other mental illnesses. Depression vs. Bipolar Disorder A caregiver's guide to how to properly identify the problem—and the best ways to help A Report on Mental Illness in Canada Chapter 2 Mood Disorders Hip-hop artist explores schizophrenia The tune is haunting, the beat catchy, the topic unusual—schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Epidemiology Montreal centre a leader in brain imaging Montreal is about to become home to one of the world's most advanced brain research centres. Schizophrenia Aetiology Schizophrenia and the Brain The brain is one of the most vital organs of the central nervous system along with the spinal cord. Alcohol and Drugs Rates of Substance Abuse across Canada How Alcoholism Works We've all seen the stereotypical "drunk" in movies and television shows: He's the one staggering down the street, clothing askew, slurring his words and tripping over his own feet. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd Web Links 47

48. Multimedia A Report on Mental Illness in Canada Chapter 5 Personality Disorders Borderline Personality Disorder From the Inside Out Robert Pickton Trial Some facts about the case Greyhound bus killer found not criminally responsible Vince Li has been found not criminally responsible for the unprovoked killing and beheading of fellow passenger Timothy McLean on a Greyhound bus last summer. Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD): Emotional Dysregulation Borderline Personality Disorder is a very specific and serious mental illness which is characterized by persistent instability in moods, interpersonal relationships, self-image, and behavior. Gender Differences in diagnosing depression Gender issues in diagnosing depression arise due to physician bias and patient reporting bias. Culture Specific Diseases There are some diseases that have very limited distributions around the world due to the fact that they are caused by unique combinations of environmental circumstances and cultural practices. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd Web Links 48

49. Multimedia Imaging Antidepressant Accuracy (1:26) A simple one-hour brain scan could predict who will respond to an antidepressant and who will not. Blues to Brains (1:38) New research into depression is showing that antidepressants are not only changing the chemicals inside the brain, they actually make the brain grow new cells. Exercise and Depression: aka Ride the Blues Away (1:26) An estimated 19 million Americans experience depression in any given year. Buzzed Brain (1:23) Of all the addictions, some scientists say addiction to alcohol is one of the most powerful. Maternal Separation (1:21) There's no substitute for a mother's love. Teen Brains on Alcohol (1:44) A highly anticipated report from the National Academy of Sciences on underage drinking is due out soon, and groups on all sides of the issue are ready to debate its contents. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd49 Videos

50. Multimedia Schizophrenia Can you tell which one of these people has schizophrenia? Are there telltale signs that you can pick out? Probably not. Schizophrenia, like many mental illnesses, is often not outwardly visible. Yet it affects many people; an estimated 1% of all people develop schizophrenia in their lifetime. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd Animations 50

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