2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show.” To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or the space bar. From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a presentation for that resource. From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go directly to that lesson’s presentation. You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key. How to Use This Presentation

3. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter Presentation TransparenciesStandardized Test Prep Visual Concepts Resources

4. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Humans and the Environment Chapter 22 Table of Contents Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Section 2 Environmental Issues Section 3 Environmental Solutions

5. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Objectives Explain the importance of the study of environmental science. Describe Earth’s major layers. Explain the natural functions of the ozone layer and greenhouse effect. Summarize the ways in which biologists measure biodiversity. Discuss the value of biodiversity.

6. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Earth’s Layers Earth’s geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere are interconnected in many ways. Together, these parts make up the biosphere, the part of the Earth where life exists.

7. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Earth’s Layers, continued Atmosphere –Important parts of the atmosphere are greenhouse gases, which trap heat on Earth, and the ozone layer, which shields Earth from UV radiation.

8. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Earth’s Layers, continued Climate and Atmosphere –The atmosphere’s ability to trap heat in this way is called the greenhouse effect.

9. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 The Greenhouse Effect Section 1 An Interconnected Planet

10. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Earth’s Layers, continued Hydrosphere –A very small portion of the hydrosphere is fresh water, and much of this fresh water is not easily usable.

11. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Earth’s Layers, continued Geosphere –The geosphere exchanges materials with the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.

12. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Earth’s Layers, continued Biosphere –The biosphere includes all parts of Earth where life exists.

13. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Biodiversity Biodiversity refers to the variety of life found in an area.

14. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Biodiversity, continued Measuring Biodiversity –Biodiversity can be measured in different ways, including by species richness, species evenness, and genetic diversity.

15. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Biodiversity, continued Valuing Biodiversity –Biodiversity is valued for various reasons.

16. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Objectives Describe major consequences of air pollution. Relate air pollution to effects on global climate. Describe how chemical pollutants may undergo the process of biological magnification. Identify the primary causes of modern extinctions. Explain why extinctions and ecosystem disruption are of concern to humans. Relate human resource use to its impacts on ecosystems.

17. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Pollution Over a short time period, human activities have affected global ecosystems in ways that harm humans and other species. Human impacts range from local pollution to global change in ecosystems.

18. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Pollution, continued Ozone Thinning –Industrial chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) act as catalysts in chemical reactions that break down O 3 molecules in the ozone layer. – Most countries have banned CFCs, and the ozone layer seems to be recovering.

19. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Ozone “Hole” Over Antarctica Section 2 Environmental Issues

20. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Ozone and Ecosystems Section 2 Environmental Issues

21. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Pollution, continued Global Warming –The correlation of increasing atmospheric CO 2 and rising global temperature suggests a cause-and- effect relationship. –Considering several types of evidence, many scientists have concluded that increased CO 2 levels have caused warmer surface temperatures on Earth.

22. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Global Warming Section 2 Environmental Issues

23. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Pollution, continued Acid Precipitation –Certain air pollutants cause acid precipitation, which harms or kills many organisms.

24. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Acid Precipitation Section 2 Environmental Issues

25. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Pollution, continued Land and Water Pollution –The release of toxic chemicals, such as DDT, into the biosphere can impact ecosystems in many ways, especially when chemicals undergo biological magnification.

26. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Biological Magnification of DDT Section 2 Environmental Issues

27. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Biological Magnification of Toxins Section 2 Environmental Issues

28. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Ecosystem Disruption, continued Extinction –Human impacts on the environment are causing an increasing number of extinctions. –Important causes of extinctions are habitat destruction, the transfer of invasive species to new habitats, harvesting, and hunting. –This loss of species has both known and unknown effects on ecosystems.

29. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Ecosystem Disruption, continued Ecosystem Imbalances –Species such as the sea otter that affect many other species in a community are called keystone species.

30. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Human Resource Use Current levels of human resource use are probably not sustainable.

31. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 World Population Growth Patterns Section 2 Environmental Issues

32. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 Objectives State the goals of conservation and restoration biology. Describe examples of efforts to protect species and their habitats. Summarize international strategies for protecting entire ecosystems. Discuss the roles of governments and laws in addressing environmental problems. List several things that individuals can do to help solve environmental problems.

33. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 Conservation and Restoration Biology Conservation biologists are concerned with identifying and maintaining ecosystems, while restoration biologists are usually involved with repairing badly damaged ecosystems.

34. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 Conservation and Restoration Biology, continued Species and Habitats –A bioindicator is a species that is especially sensitive to ecological change.

35. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 Conservation and Restoration Biology, continued Case Study: Saving the Whooping Crane –Populations of many migratory birds, such as the whooping crane, are in decline because of human activities. –However, some populations are recovering as a result of legal protection, breeding programs, habitat restoration, and international partnerships.

36. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 Protecting Ecosystems Biodiversity Hotspots –International and cooperative efforts to preserve habitat and prevent extinctions include identifying biodiversity hotspots, making debt-for-nature swaps, and promoting ecotourism.

37. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 Governments and Laws Environmental problems can be addressed through the efforts of governments and laws.

38. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 Private Efforts and Cooperation Environmental problems can be addressed through the combined efforts of governments, scientists, businesses, and individuals.

39. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 Conservation Case Study: The Everglades The Everglades restoration project is the most ambitious ecosystem-wide restoration project attempted in the United States.

40. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 Your Role in the Environment No one can predict our environment’s future, but it is clear that individuals can make a difference in its fate. Thus, it is important for you, as an individual, to understand your role in the environment and to take responsibility for that role.

41. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Recycling Section 3 Environmental Solutions

42. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Conservation Section 3 Environmental Solutions

43. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following is the term for the parts of Earth where water is located? A. biosphere B. geosphere C. atmosphere D. hydrosphere Standardized Test Prep Chapter 22

44. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 1. Which of the following is the term for the parts of Earth where water is located? A. biosphere B. geosphere C. atmosphere D. hydrosphere Standardized Test Prep Chapter 22

45. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 2. What is the term for the natural ability of Earth’s atmosphere to trap energy from the sun? F. global warming G. ozone depletion H. greenhouse effect J. biological magnification Standardized Test Prep Chapter 22

46. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 2. What is the term for the natural ability of Earth’s atmosphere to trap energy from the sun? F. global warming G. ozone depletion H. greenhouse effect J. biological magnification Standardized Test Prep Chapter 22

47. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 3. What does Earth’s ozone layer shield its inhabitants from? A. solar heating B. meteor impacts C. ozone depletion D. ultraviolet radiation Standardized Test Prep Chapter 22

48. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 3. What does Earth’s ozone layer shield its inhabitants from? A. solar heating B. meteor impacts C. ozone depletion D. ultraviolet radiation Standardized Test Prep Chapter 22

49. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 4. Which of the following groups of organisms contains the largest estimated number of species? F. birds G. plants H. insects J. mammals Standardized Test Prep Chapter 22

50. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 4. Which of the following groups of organisms contains the largest estimated number of species? F. birds G. plants H. insects J. mammals Standardized Test Prep Chapter 22

51. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 5. What term describes a measure of the number of species in an area? A. species richness B. species evenness C. bioindicator species D. biological magnification Standardized Test Prep Chapter 22

52. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 5. What term describes a measure of the number of species in an area? A. species richness B. species evenness C. bioindicator species D. biological magnification Standardized Test Prep Chapter 22

53. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Use the graph below to answer question 6. The graph below shows trends in two global measurements over several decades. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 22

54. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Standardized Test Prep Chapter 22 6. What is the term commonly used to describe the trend shown in this graph? F. water pollution G. global warming H. ozone depletion J. biodiversity crisis

55. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Standardized Test Prep Chapter 22 6. What is the term commonly used to describe the trend shown in this graph? F. water pollution G. global warming H. ozone depletion J. biodiversity crisis

56. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Complete the following analogy: 7. thinning of ozone layer : chlorofluorocarbons :: biological magnification : A. pesticides B. wastewater C. carbon dioxide D. greenhouse gases Standardized Test Prep Chapter 22

57. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Complete the following analogy: 7. thinning of ozone layer : chlorofluorocarbons :: biological magnification : A. pesticides B. wastewater C. carbon dioxide D. greenhouse gases Standardized Test Prep Chapter 22

58. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Use the table below to answer question 8. The table below compares the measurements of two environmental factors for the populations of three countries. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 22

59. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Standardized Test Prep Chapter 22 8. Which country produces the greatest amount of garbage per square mile? F. Japan G. Indonesia H. United States J. They all produce the same amounts.

60. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Standardized Test Prep Chapter 22 8. Which country produces the greatest amount of garbage per square mile? F. Japan G. Indonesia H. United States J. They all produce the same amounts.

61. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Short Response The term biodiversity can be used in several ways. Explain two measures of biodiversity. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 22

62. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Short Response, continued The term biodiversity can be used in several ways. Explain two measures of biodiversity. Answer: There are two measures of biodiversity. The first measure is species diversity and the second is genetic diversity. Species diversity measures the number of unique species within an area, or species richness, and the relative number of individuals of each species in an area, or species evenness. The genetic diversity measures the amount of genetic differences that exist within a population. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 22

63. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Standardized Test Prep Chapter 22 Extended Response Base your answers to parts A & B on the information below. Imagine that your local government has asked for citizen input to plan for the future use of a currently roadless area that is near a body of water. Some citizens would like a new mall to be built there, and some citizens would like the area to be made into a public park. Part A Make a table of the possible problems or benefits that could result from each option. Part B Write a letter to the local government that expresses your opinion about this issue and explains your reasons for that opinion.

64. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Standardized Test Prep Chapter 22 Extended Response, continued Answer: Part A Answers may vary, but should be presented in the form of a table. The table should compare possible problems and benefits that might result from each decision option. Part B Answers may vary, but should be presented in the form of a letter. The letter should clearly advocate for one option and support each point with factual information and/or examples that were listed in part A.