1. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hand Tools: Measuring Tools Tape Measure Plastic or metal case, appropriate for general scenic measuring Tri Square Used as a guide for marking 90-degree angles Combination Square Used for marking 45- and 90-degree angles Bevel Protractor Adjustable and used for marking 0 to 90-degree angles

2. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hand Tools: Measuring Tools Framing Square Used for checking accuracy of 90-degree corner joints in flat construction Bevel Set Used for transferring angles from one piece of work to another Carpenter’s Level Used to determine true horizontal and vertical angles

3. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hand Tools: Marking Tools Pencils Either carpenter’s pencils or number two yellows china markers used for marking metal wax pencils for lighting color media Scribe “Scratch awl” Used for marking wood, metal, and plastic; can also be used to make starter holes Chalk line Used to mark straight lines

4. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hand Tools: Hammers Claw Hammer Designed for inserting and removing nails Rip Hammer Can be used for prying or ripping apart previously nailed wood Ball Peen Hammer Used for bending and shaping metal and seating rivets

5. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hand Tools: Hammers Mechanic’s Hammer Used for shaping metal Tack Hammer Used for inserting tacks, the face is magnetized to hold tacks in place Mallet Wooden, plastic, or metal head, they are used for driving chisels

6. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hand Tools: Cutting Tools Saws Crosscut Saw Used to cut across the grain of wood Rip Saw Designed to cut parallel with the grain of the wood Backsaw and Miter Box Fine-toothed crosscut saw, used with the miter box for more accurate cuts

7. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hand Tools: Cutting Tools Saws Keyhole Saw Used for making curvilinear cuts in stock lumber Coping Saw Used for making fine, curvilinear cuts in thin plywood Hacksaw Adjustable frame saw for cutting metal

8. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hand Tools: Cutting Tools Utility Knife Used to trim excess muslin from the edges of flats as well as to cut out stencils and other lightweight cutting projects Scissors Used to cut papers and fabrics Tin Snips Used to cut thin ferrous and nonferrous strap and sheet metals

9. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hand Tools: Cutting Tools Wood Chisel Used for gouging, paring, or smoothing wood Cold Chisel Used for cutting through, or shearing, mild steel and nonferrous metals

10. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hand Tools: Cutting Tools Planes Block Plane Used to smooth the ends (across the grain) of boards Smoothing Plane Applied parallel to the grain of the wood

11. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hand Tools: Cutting Tools Planes Spoke Shave Pulled across the surface of the work and used to soften or round sharp edges Surform Tools Not really a plane or a file, they are pushed across the work, cross-grain or parallel

12. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hand Tools: Cutting Tools Files Wood Rasp Used for rough shaping of wood Wood File Used for smoothing wooden and plastic surfaces

13. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hand Tools: Cutting Tools Files Rat-Tail File Can be used with wood, plastic, and metal Metal File Has very fine teeth for use on metal

14. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hand Tools: Drilling Tools Hand Drill Used for making small-diameter holes in wood Brace Used for holes larger than ¼ inch in diameter Push Drill Designed for light usage, it can be useful for making starter holes

15. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hand Tools: Drilling Tools Bits Twist-Drill Bits Designed for use with either wood or metal Wood Bits Designed for use in wood or soft plastic, used with power hand drills or drill presses Auger Bits Used with the brace for cutting holes in wood

16. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hand Tools: Drilling Tools Bits Push-Drill Bits Very sharp points that seem to punch rather than drill holes in wood Hole Saws Used to center the saw in the work

17. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hand Tools: Clamping Tools Carpenter’s Vice Attached to the edge of a workbench, used for holding wood Machinist’s Vice Used to clamp and hold metal Adjustable Wood Clamp Used in furniture construction

18. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hand Tools: Clamping Tools Pipe Clamp Used to clamp furniture frames, table tops, and similar wide objects together while their glue joints dry Belt Clamp Used to clamp irregularly shaped pieces together C Clamp Used for holding work together while the parts are being assembled or while glue dries

19. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hand Tools: Clamping Tools Pliers Slip-Joint Pliers Used for clamping, gripping, bending, cutting light wire Long-Nose Pliers Useful for holding small objects in hard-to- reach places Adjustable Arc-Joint Pliers Used for holding metal pipe and tubing and other similar gripping jobs

20. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hand Tools: Clamping Tools Pliers Locking Pliers “Vise Grip” Used to grasp, lock, and hold almost any object Diagonal Cutters Used by electricians for cutting soft wire Wire Strippers Used for stripping insulation for electrical wires Wire-Crimping Tool Used to pressure-clamp solderless connectors to electrical wire

21. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hand Tools: Clamping Tools Wrenches Open-End Wrench Designed to fit nuts of specific standard or metric diameter Box-End Wrench Have a closed, toothed head that must be fit over the nut Adjustable-End Wrench “Crescent Wrench” It adapts to fit any small to medium sized nut

22. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hand Tools: Clamping Tools Wrenches Monkey Wrench Adjustable, used on large nuts and other work too large for the crescent wrench Pipe Wrench Used to hold or twist metal pipes Socket Set and Ratchet Handle Allows you to tighten and loosen nuts without removing the socket from the nut

23. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hand Tools: Screwdrivers Standard Screwdriver Available in a variety of sizes Philips Screwdriver Four-flanged tip allows for more rotational force Nut Driver Used for tightening small hex nuts on bolts

24. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hand Tools: Misc Hand Tools Wrecking bars Used to pry wood apart and remove nails Sandpaper Used for smoothing wood, metal, and plastic Nail puller Used for extracting nails that have been driven flush to the wood surface

25. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Fasteners: Nails Common Nail Large head, thick shank, used for heavier general construction Box Nail Narrower shaft that reduces the chance of splitting lumber Coated Box Nail Even narrower shaft, coated with an adhesive that bonds the nail to the wood

26. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Fasteners: Nails Finish Nail Slender shaft and narrow head, used for building props or furniture in which the nail head needs to be hidden Wire Nail and Brad Small finish or box nails with slender shafts, used in property construction or for attaching delicate decorative moldings to larger scenic elements Double-Headed Nail Used for scaffolding or any temporary structure that needs to be dismantled quickly

27. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Fasteners: Nails Screw Nail Threaded shank that rotates as it is driven into the wood for more holding power Clout Nail Used to be used in flat construction but has since been replaced by power-driven screws and pneumatic devices Tack Used for attaching fabric and for decorative purposes

28. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Fasteners: Nails Corrugated Fastener Used to hold lightweight frames together Staple Come in a variety of types, used to fasten things together

29. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Fasteners: Screws Flat-Head Wood Screw Used for attaching hardware and joining various wooden elements together Round-Head Wood Screw Used in those situations in which you do not want to have the top of the screw flush with the surface of the work Drywall Screw Used to attach gypsum board or drywall to wooden wall and ceiling studs

30. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Fasteners: Screws Sheet-Metal Screw Used for joining sheets of metal Lag Screw Very large wood screws used where the lack of access to both sides of the work prevents the use of bolts

31. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Fasteners: Bolts Carriage Bolt Used to join either wood to wood or wood to metal Machine Bolt Designed to join metal to metal Stove Bolt Used for attaching stage hardware, hinges, and similar items that require extra fastening strength

32. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Fasteners Washers Flat-steel disks that increase the bearing surface of the nut or bolt and prevents the nut or bolt from cutting into the surface of the work Nuts Applied to threaded ends of bolts to close and tighten the fastener

33. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Glues and Adhesives: Adhesives White Glue Elmer’s Glue, used extensively in scenic construction Carpenter’s Glue Used in woodworking, dries almost clear, is stronger and dries more quickly than white glue Latex Cement Used in laying carpet

34. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hardware: Construction Hardware Eye Bolt Used for attaching lines or ropes to an object Screw Eye Similar to eye bolts but used when the extra strength or the bolt fastener is not necessary Screw Hook Have a hook instead of an eye so that items hung from the hook can be quickly removed

35. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hardware: Construction Hardware U Bolt Used to secure or fasten pipe, tube, or rod to flat surfaces Cable Clamp Used to hand scenery and battens Nicopress Tool Provides a permanent, nonremovable friction clamp for wire rope or cable

36. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hardware: Construction Hardware Thimble Used to protect wire, rope, or cable from sharp bends or kinks Turnbuckle Used to lengthen or shorten a line system Snaps Used to provide a quick means of attaching a line to its associated load

37. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hardware: Construction Hardware: Hinges Strap Hinge Used to hinge stage doors Butt Hinge Used to hang stage doors T-Strap Hinge Used for hanging doors, gates, and box lids

38. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hardware: Construction Hardware: Hinges Loose-Pin Back-Flap Hinge Used for joining scenery, the pin can be removed in order to break the unit apart Tight-Pin Back-Flap Hinge Used for joining scenery permanently

39. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hardware: Stage: Lashing Lash-Line Eye Used to attach the lash line to the flat Lash-Line Cleat Used to hold the rope in place so that the flats can be lashed together Lash-Line Hook Used to hold the rope in place so that the flats can be lashed together; can also be used in place of a tie-off cleat

40. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hardware: Stage: Lashing Tie-Off Cleat Used in pairs to tie off the line after the flats have been lashed together Stop Cleat Attached to the back of flats to prevent the flats from slipping past each other when they are being lashed together in an outside corner configuration Stop Block Small piece of scrap wood used to prevent flats from slipping past each other when they are being lashed together in an inside corner configuration

41. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hardware: Stage: Flying Hardware Hanger Iron Used in conjunction with a bottom hanger iron for flying heavy scenery Bottom Hanger Iron Used in conjunction with a hanger iron for flying heavy scenery Ceiling Plate Bolted to primary structural members of the ceiling to provide a means of attaching the flying lines to the ceiling

42. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hardware: Stage: Bracing Stage Brace Adjustable pole attached to the brace cleat and secured to the stage floor Brace Cleat Attached to the stile of the flat, provides the point of attachment between scenery and the stage floor Rigid Foot Iron The long leg is attached to the bottom of the scenery and the short leg is secured to the stage floor

43. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hardware: Stage: Bracing Hinged Foot Iron Similar to the rigid foot iron, its horizontal foot is hinged to fold out of the way when the scenic unit is shifted or flown Stage Screw Used to anchor a foot iron or stage brace to the stage floor Improved Stage Screw Doesn’t tear up the stage floor as much as the regular stage screw

44. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hardware: Stage: Misc Corner Plate Used to reinforce the corners of doors, windows, door or window casings, and picture frames Tee Plate Used as a substitute for keystones Picture Hook and Eye Used in sets of two or more for rapid hanging and removal of decorative draperies

45. Theatrical Design and Production Chapter 8: Tools and Materials © 2006 McGraw-Hill. All right reserved. Hardware: Stage: Misc Casket Lock Heavy-duty, hidden lock used to hold platforms together Casters Wheeled attachments used to easily move scenery