1. ETHNO-CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND RELIGIOUS PLURALISM: IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND PLANNING IN NIGERIA BY PROFESSOR ROSELINE EMEH UYANGA (Ph.D) DEPARTMENT OF CURRICULUM STUDIES, EDUC. MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING UNIVERSITY OF UYO, UYO NIGERIA roselineuyanga@yahoo.com

2. FOCUS OF THE STUDY Inter- community conflicts Internal displacement of persons (IDPs) Loss of lives and livelihoods Ethnic and religious identities of IDPs and influence on education

3. THEORY Lee’s theory of migration (1966) Positive / pull factors comprising attractive socio-economic conditions, security and comfort Negative/push factors including poor socio- economic conditions, conflicts, wars, natural disasters and others

4. MOVEMENTS AND ASSOCIATED CHALLENGES Movements bring diverse groups of persons together, hence the need for self understanding and tolerance for co-existence. Nigeria has over 450 ethnic groups living in 774 local government areas. Nigeria has three major tribes namely: Ibo, Yoruba and Hausa. Nigeria has three major religions namely: Christianity, Islamism and Paganism. Hence: Religious intolerance, Ethnic rivalry, Clash of cultural interest, Struggle for resource control, Struggle for governance.

5. CONFLICTS AND CRISES LEADING TO INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT OF PERSONS Boundary/ cross border crises (Ebonyi- Cross River, Benue –Taraba, Kogi-Edo and Cross River- Akwa Ibom states) Ethno-religious crises (Maitasine riots in Kano, Kaduna, Yola, Maiduguri,Gombe, Bauchi, the Zango-Kataf, Kaduna, Zaria, Katsina and Bauchi crisis etc., Boko Haram) Inter-group crises (Jos civil disturbances, Tiv- Fulani clashes in Benue, Niger delta disturbances, Tiv- Jukun crisis in Benue and Taraba state, etc.)

6. TABLE 1: Summary of IDPs spread across Nigeria, 2003-2007. S/NStatescausesYearNo of IDPs 1.YobeFlood/Fire2003-2007300,000 2.JigawaFlood/desert stormPersistent 200,000 3.Delta Indigene-settlers/economic neglect Persistent500,000 4.Cross River Communal/land dispute/Bakassi crisis 2003-2007250,000 5.Plateau Indigene-settlers/Religious conflict Persistent505,000 6.Osun (Ife-Modakeke)Indigene-settlers2003200,000 7.KanoEthno-religiousPersistent300,000 8.KwaraEthno-religious2005160,000 Source: The Punch, Mon. Feb 22, 2010,p.8 Associated challenges are: inability to provide education to IDPs; dis-unity in the nation. Study investigated these challenges.

7. TABLE 2: Figures of IDPs in camps during Jan.-Feb. 2010 Ethno-religious crisis within Jos City S/NNo of PersonsLocation of Camps 1.3,000NLEA Training centre,Lamingo 2.2,500Police Staff College, Bukuru 3.2,000Airforce Base, Rayfield 4.1,450Multi-Troups Training Centre 5.3,000GOC,Rukuba Barracks, Jos 6.3,000COCIN, Catholic, Baptist and Ruban Primary Schools 7.6,000Bukuru Police “B” Division 8.3,000Central Mosque Source: The Punch, Mon. Feb 22, 2010, p.8

8. RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESIS The following research questions guided the study: 1.What are the prevalent factors that pre-dispose to internal displacement of persons in Nigeria? 2.What are the adaptive strategies of educational administrators and planners regarding use of school plant facilities for IDP youths? 3.What are the economic leverage strategies adopted by the educational administrators and planners for IDPs? 4.What integration strategies are adopted by the educational administrators and planners for national unity? Null hypothesis (Ho): There is no significant difference in the mean responses of male and female IDPs on the prevalent factors that pre-dispose to internal displacement of persons in Nigeria.

9. METHODOLOGY A purposive sampling technique was adopted (Plateau, Cross River and Yobe states in Nigeria) Sample comprised 200 IDPs in the age bracket of 11-30 years, and 40 educational administrators Data collection was with a researcher- designed questionnaire which covered the main areas addressed by the research questions. Descriptive statistics were used to answer research questions, and a t- test of no significant difference was used to test the hypothesis.

10. RESEARCH QUESTION 1 AND TABLE 4 What are the prevalent factors that pre-dispose to internal displacement of persons in Nigeria? Table 4: Prevalent factors and IDPs in Nigeria Questionnaire Item FactorVery OftenOftenOccasionallyRarelyVery rarely Sum of Number 3 Competitive resource use conflict 133655--200 97.5%2.5%-100% 2 Boko Haram insurgency 140564--200 98.0%2%-100% 4 Natural disasters 12648206-200 87%10%3%100%

11. RESEARCH QUESTION 2 AND TABLE 5 What are the adaptive strategies of educational administrators and planners regarding use of school plant facilities for IDPs? Table 5: Ranking of Administrators’ mean responses to adaptive strategies Questionnair e Item Adaptive strategiesMean ResponseRank 10 Over-crowding of nearby community schools 3.78 1st 8 Use of open-air classrooms for learning 3.75 2nd 14 Use of “zana” classrooms for learning 3.12 3rd 9 Use of logs of wood, stones and bare floor as classroom seats 2.89 4th 12 Recruitment of additional classroom teachers 2.18 5th 5 Use of village council halls as schools 2.12 6th 7 Engagement of displaced teachers to teach IDPs 1.93 7th 11 Establishment of camp site schools for IDPs 0.96 8th 6 Use of shifting school system to accommodate IDPs 0.89 9th 13Use of school on wheels to cater for IDPs 0.4310th

12. RESEARCH QUESTION 3 AND TABLE 6 What are the economic leverage strategies adopted by the educational administrators and planners? Table 6: Ranking of mean responses of IDPs to economic leverage strategies Questionnaire Items QuestionMeanRank 18 No specific economic leverage activities are promoted in the camps 2.67 1st 17 Qualified internally displaced teachers are not recognized by Government 2.582nd 16 There is temporary employment for qualified teachers in host communities’ schools 0.963rd 15 There is skills training for IDPs in re-location camps 0.834th 19Rural business training is promoted for IDPs in the camps, and in the Host community 0.725th

13. RESEARCH QUESTION 4 AND TABLE 7 What are the functional integration strategies adopted by the government? Table 7: Ranking of administrators’ mean responses to functional integration strategies Questionnaire Items QuestionMeanRanking 21 Singing of the national anthem 3.871 st 24 Recitation of the national pledge 3.852 nd 26 Establishment of unity secondary schools 3.523 rd 30 Promotion of National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) Programme for university graduates 3.434 th 27 Equitable distribution of educational facilities to all states in the federation 2.535 th 25 Promotion of Universal Basic education (UBE) 2.316 th 22 Promotion of policies on teachers’ and students’ exchange programmes 2.077 th 28 Promotion of non-discriminatory admission policies into educational institutions 2.008 th 23 Promotion of un-biased appointment to posts of responsibility irrespective of states of origin 1.659 th 29Provision of pensionable employment to Nigerians outside their states of origin 1.0410 th

14. HYPOTHESIS AND TABLE 8 Null hypothesis (Ho): There is no significant difference in the mean responses of male and female IDPs on the prevalent factors that pre-dispose to human displacement in Nigeria. Table 8: t-test on views of IDPs on the prevalent factors that pre-dispose to human displacement based on gender SubjectsNMeanSDCal. TTab. TDecision Male IDPs 127 39.8116.05 0.41.96Upheld Female IDPs73 40.7817.04

15. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Internal displacement of persons is a very common phenomenon in Nigeria. The most prevalent factor that causes internal displacement of persons as indicated in this study, is the Boko Haram insurgency. This is followed by competitive resource use conflict which includes though is not limited to: i.land use crisis, ethnic rivalry and boundary adjustment crisis, resource control, and struggle for governance crises. ii.Other factors include natural disasters like flood. Internal displacement of persons affects school plant facilities management. Educational administrators and planners in Nigeria are doing very little to provide education to IDPs of school age. No specific economic leverage activities like skills training, are planned for IDPs. Integration strategies adopted by both education managers and the Nigerian government are inadequate as unifying factors for the nation, hence the need for additional strategies such as: Provision of functional basic education; promotion of social integration through education, appointment to posts of responsibilities, governance/ leadership, scholarships, employments etc. without bias, and religious tolerance. IDPs should be taken care of educationally, so as to sustain their psyche and personality, and build their capacity for futuristic living.