1. SWINE HEALTH
Dr. Randy Harp

2. Herd Health Problems Biosecurity External biosecurity
Internal biosecurity

3. Development of a Biosecurity Plan
Attitude
“State of Mind”
Unforgiving attitude required because disease is unforgiving

4. Development of a Biosecurity Plan cont.
Establish Herd Health Goals
Healthy, productive system that can be maintained
Type of production system
Facility location
Health status of start-up herd
Cost

5. Development of a Biosecurity Plan cont.
External Biosecurity
Keeping out new diseases
Isolation/acclimatization (incoming stock)
Separate facility > 200 yards from herd
45 – 60 days
First 30 days (isolation)
Animals observed and blood tested
PRRS, PRV, brucellosis, TGE
Parvo, Swine Influenza
Last 30 days (acclimatization)
Vaccinate for Lepto, Erysiplas, Parvo

6. Development of a Biosecurity Plan cont.
External Biosecurity
Keeping out new diseases
Isolation/acclimatization (incoming stock) cont.
Animals exposed to cull sows
Allow opportunity to build immunity
Donor herd health should be compared closely to that of the recipient herd
Administer vaccine as indicated by recipient herd
Limit use of antibiotics

7. Development of a Biosecurity Plan cont.
External Biosecurity
Keeping out new diseases
Semen
Know isolation/acclimatization of boar stud
Adequate disease monitoring program for boar stud
Procedures for boar stud should be as strict as those for production units

8. Development of a Biosecurity Plan cont.
External Biosecurity
Restrict access to visitors & create barriers
Perimeter fence
Padlock all outside doors
Use signs
Require “clean out” time for visitors
Shower in / shower out
Provide clothing and boots
Sanitize all incoming equipment
Feed trucks limited

9. Development of a Biosecurity Plan cont.
External Biosecurity
Develop and enforce strict chute rules
Trucks with manure should be excused
Load outs designed to prevent entry
Establish sacred zones (off limit to trucks)
Guillotine gate
Boots should be provided for drivers
Clean, disinfect, and dry the landout

10. Development of a Biosecurity Plan cont.
External Biosecurity
Keep out other species of animals and insects
Rodents, birds, dogs, cats, flies
All can transmit diseases
Rats and flies can travel two miles

11. Development of a Biosecurity Plan cont.
External Biosecurity
Locate new production units away from other pigs
Distance between swine production units
Pig density
Probability of other pigs coming to area
Pathogen
Minimum distance to prevent transmission
Mycoplasma pneumonia
2 miles
TGE
.5 miles
Atrophic rhinitis
Strep suis
Pseudorabies
5 miles
PRRS
???

12. Development of a Biosecurity Plan cont.
Internal Biosecurity
Adopt optimum production system design
All-in / all-out
Multiple-site production
SEW (segregated early weaning)

13. Development of a Biosecurity Plan cont.
Internal Biosecurity
Install barriers
Perimeter fence
Bird wire
Tree line
Dead animal disposal

14. Development of a Biosecurity Plan cont.
Internal Biosecurity
Sanitization
Decontaminate rooms between groups
Use high pressure spray, rinse all surfaces, disinfect, dry, leave vacant

15. Development of a Biosecurity Plan cont.
Vaccination Program
Leptospirosis, parvovirus, erysiplas 2x/year
TGE, PRRS, Atrophic rhinitis, strep suis & ??
Design with veterinarian

16. Development of a Biosecurity Plan cont.
Internal and External Parasite Control
All incoming breeding stock should be treated
Use fecal and skin monitoring

17. Development of a Biosecurity Plan cont.
Slaughter Checks
Quarterly checks
Liver and lung lesions
Nasal turbinates
Only portion of herd need to be tested
> 140 animals need 11 animals
> 1,000 animals need 29 animals

18. Development of a Biosecurity Plan cont.
Monitoring
Quarterly sampling for PRV and brucellosis for seedstock herds
Serological testing for other diseased known to be in area
Feed testing for mycotoxins

19. Development of a Biosecurity Plan cont.
Feed additives
Growth promotant antibiotics

20. Alternative Disease Control Procedures

21. Alternative Disease Control Procedures
Closed herd
Specific pathogen free (SPF)
Non SPF
Isolation of incoming breeding stock

22. Alternative Disease Control Procedures
Systems management
Multiple site production system
All-in / all-out
Segregated early weaning (SEW)
No control

23. Specific Pathogen Free (SPF)

24. Specific Pathogen Free (SPF)
SPF is an attempt to
Control diseases
Improve management

25. Specific Pathogen Free (SPF)
Initially set up to control
Atrophic rhinitis
Mycoplasma hyoneumonia

26. Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) cont.
Now designed to eliminate & prevent certain chronic growth retarding diseases
Mange
Lice
Swine dysentery
Atrophic rhinitis
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Pseudorabies
Brucellosis

27. SPF scheme Sow – 112 to 114 days (C-section)
Take pigs from sow, put in sterile environment
Rear in isolation
Restock other farms
SPF pigs no immunological control, introduce to other pigs

28. SPF classification Primary SPF Secondary SPF pigs from C-section
Pigs from primary SPF or
Pigs from other SPF farms

29. Accreditation Requirements
Proof of origin
Brucellosis validation
Pseudorabies validation
Herd inspection from veterinarian
Free of:
lice / mange
Swine dysentery

30. Accreditation Requirements cont.
Quarterly health and disease reports
Submit quarterly litter registration
Quarterly slaughter checks (10 head)
Atrophic rhinitis
Mycoplasma hyopneumonia

31. Scour Diseases

32. TGE (Transmissible gastroenteritis)
Cause - corona virus
Symptoms - major cause of death in young pigs
Baby pigs
Sudden vomiting
Watery, yellowish diarrhea
Odor
90% death loss < 14 days old

33. TGE (Transmissible gastroenteritis) cont.
Symptoms cont.
Older pigs
Appetite loss
Diarrhea (mild)
Control / Prevention
Vaccine
Good sanitation
Bird and rodent control
Management

34. E. Coli (colibacillosis)
Cause – bacteria
Symptoms
Pale, yellow, watery diarrhea
Dehydration
Edema- produced by toxin of E. Coli
Swollen eyelids, stomach
Nervous signs
Staggering, head tilting, paddling, stumbling, dog sitting

35. E. Coli cont.
Control / Prevention
Sanitation
Management
vaccination

36. Swine Dysentery Cause – bacteria (sepulina hyodysenteriae) Symptoms
Stool contains blood and mucus
Dehydration
Poor gain and efficiency
Some cases, death

37. Swine Dysentery cont. Control / Prevention Management Sanitation
Antibiotics
Vaccine
Control mice which harbor bacteria for 1 year

38. Rotavirus Cause – virus Symptoms – nursing pigs (about 3 weeks old)
White, pasty scours
Generally do not lose much weight
Control / Prevention
Management
Sanitation
Vaccine (antibiotics not effective)

39. Coccidiosis Cause – protozoa shed in feces
Symptoms – nursing pigs ( days old)
Diarrhea – yellow, light green / gray
Dehydration
Control / Prevention
Manure removal (it is shed in feces)
Management (wash sows before entering farrowing house)
sanitation

40. Salmonella Cause – bacteria Symptoms
Acute septicemia (generalized infection of blood and organs)
Diarrhea
Anorexia
Fever, cough
Ears, nose, tail, feet,& abdomen become light purple
Nervous disorders
Posterior weakness, paddling, restlessness

41. Salmonella cont. Control / Prevention Antibacterials for treatment
Removal of affected pigs
Management
Sanitation
Vaccine
Carrier pigs are indistinguishable from other pigs

42. Reproductive Diseases

43. Brucellosis Cause – brucella suis, bacteria Clinical Signs
Fever – 5-7 days
Abortion – any time during gestation
Weak pigs at birth
Genital tract infections & sterility

44. Brucellosis cont. Diagnosis Prevention Blood agglutination test
Herd testing
Initial test
Retain validation
Retest all breeding stock annually
Test 20% of sows annually – cull sows

45. Brucellosis cont. Prevention cont. Under SPF, must be brucellosis free
Introduce only negative animals into herd
Vaccination is unsuccessful
Under SPF, must be brucellosis free

46. Leptospirosis Cause Symptoms Numerous organisms – bacteria
Transferable across species
Symptoms
Fever, diarrhea
Abortions – late gestation
Immature pigs

47. Leptospirosis cont. Prevention SPF requires vaccination
Vaccination once every 6 months is effective
Use 5 way vaccine at weaning
Blood test in not effective
SPF requires vaccination

48. Parvovirus Cause – virus Symptoms Embryonic & fetal deaths
Mummified feti
Small litters
Infrequent abortion
Delayed return to estrus
Anestrus

49. Parvovirus cont.
Prevention / Control
Vaccination

50. Pseudorabies (Aujesky’s disease)
Cause – herpes virus
Symptoms
Young pigs
90% death loss in 3 -4 week olds
40% death loss in 12 week olds
Older pigs > 50 lbs.
Low death rates
Respiratory distress

51. Pseudorabies (Aujesky’s disease) cont.
Symptoms cont.
Sows
Abortion – early gestation
Retention of fetus – late gestation
Death of entire litter in 1 – 2 days
General signs
Fever
Convulsions & trembling
Ear infection
Off feed
Diarrhea

52. Pseudorabies (Aujesky’s disease) cont.
Diagnosis
Blood test
Vaccination
Modified live virus
Produces positive blood test

53. Pseudorabies (Aujesky’s disease) cont.
Control rules
Must have permit before entry
Must have passed blood test in last 30 days or be from PRV free herd
Eradication
Effort underway to eradicate PRV from the US

54. Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)
Cause – virus
Prevalence – 80 – 90% of swine in OK test positive (LUCE)
Transmission – animal to animal

55. Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) cont.
Clinical signs
Breeding females
Fever – increased stillborns
Depression – weak, liveborn pigs
Abortions – preweaning mortality

56. Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) cont.
Nursery pigs
Rapid, labored breathing
Poor performance
Finishing pigs
Fever
Depression
Off feed

57. Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) cont.
Control
Vaccination
Depopulation / repopulation
Multiple site production

58. Erysipelas Cause – bacteria Symptoms Control / Prevention Fever
Abortion
Diamond shaped lesions on skin
Control / Prevention
Penicillin
Vaccination

59. Streptococcus Suis Cause – bacteria Symptoms Weaned pigs Meningitis
Anorexia
Reddening of skin
Nervous disorders – loss of balance, paddling, shaking, convulsions
Blindness & deafness
If serious, can lead to “greasy pig”

60. Streptococcus Suis cont.
Symptoms cont.
Breeding herd
Decreased conception rates
Decreased farrowing rate
Vaginal discharge
Pneumonia
Treatment / Control
Penicillin
Management – reduce stress, ventilation, humidity
Vaccine

61. Respiratory Diseases

62. Mycoplasma Hyopneumonia
Cause – mycoplasma hyopneumonia bacteria
Infectious respiratory disease of swine
Prevalence – 80 – 90% of US swine herds
Transmission – animal to animal contact

63. Mycoplasma Hyopneumonia cont.
Clinical signs
Sneezing
Dry cough
Listlessness
Poor growth performance
Economic Losses
Death loss
Reduced feed efficiency 10 – 30%
gain

64. Mycoplasma Hyopneumonia cont.
Treatment – antibiotics – Lincomycin
Control – depopulation
Can live with it with good management, i.e. no stress, good nutrition

65. Actinobacillus Pleuropneumonia
Cause – bacteria
Transmission – pig to pig contact
Clinical signs
Sudden death 20 – 40%
High fever
Loss of appetite (anorexia)
Lesions on lungs of growing swine

66. Actinobacillus Pleuropneumonia cont.
Control
Vaccine
Good herd health
Antibiotics
Management (all-in / all-out, age segregation)

67. Atrophic Rhinitis Cause Transmission Bordetella bacteria
Pasturella bacteria
Transmission
Pig to pig contact

68. Atrophic Rhinitis cont.
Clinical signs
Affects nasal turbinate bone development
Early sign in baby pigs
Sneezing
Distortion of nose
Pneumonia
Black areas around eyes

69. Atrophic Rhinitis cont.
Control
Vaccination
Depopulation – only way to completely get rid of
antibiotics

70. Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC)
Cause – both viral & bacterial pathogens
Primary bacterial pathogens
Mycoplasma hyopneumonia
Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia
Secondary bacterial pathogens
Pasturella multocida
Strep suis
Salmonella
Usually a combination of PRRS, swine flu, PRV, & PRCV

71. Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) cont.
Symptoms
Acute depression
Anorexia
Fever
Nasal discharge
Coughing, labored breathing
Increased mortality
Reduced F/G
Increased days to market

72. Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) cont.
Prevention / Control
Management (AI – AO, SEW, multi-site)
Strict biosecurity
Vaccination for 1° and 2° pathogens

73. Anthelmintics Ivomec Dectomax Atguard Pyrantel Tartrate
Fenbendazole (Safeguard/Panacur)
Piperazine
Levisole
Banmith