1. Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior 2e
Charles T. Blair-Broeker
Randal M. Ernst

2. Developmental Domain

3. Personality Chapter

4. Psychodynamic and Humanistic Perspectives on Personality
Module 17

5. Personality
Individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

6. The Psychodynamic Perspective
Module 17: Psychodynamic and Humanistic Perspectives

7. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Founder of psychoanalysis
Proposed the first complete theory of personality
A person’s thoughts and behaviors emerge from tension generated by unconscious motives and unresolved childhood conflicts.

8. Neurologist, not a Psychologist
Freud was not a psychologist. At the time he received his education, there were only one or two “psychology” programs in the world.
Freud was trained as a neurologist and treated mostly women for what were called “neuroses”.
The so-called neuroses typically had a sexual component because the Victorian social norm of sexual inhibition was popular when Freud began practicing medicine.

9. Psychoanalysis Freud’s theory of personality
Also a therapeutic technique that attempts to provide insight into one’s thoughts and actions
Does so by exposing and interpreting the underlying unconscious motives and conflicts

10. Psychodynamic Perspective
View of personality that retains some aspects of Freudian theory but rejects other aspects
Retains the importance of the unconscious thought processes
Less likely to see unresolved childhood conflicts as a source of personality development

11. Do you Know These Terms? Fixated Repressed Regressed Anal-retentive
Oedipus complex
Rationalize
Activity: Fifteen Freudian Principal Statements, Handout 17-4

12. The Psychodynamic Perspective: Freud’s View of the Mind
Module 17: Psychodynamic and Humanistic Perspectives

13. Free Association
Method of exploring the unconscious in which the person person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

14. Try it: free associate with each of the following words, write down the first word that comes to mind.
Cat
Mitten
Glass
Tangerine
Red
Brick
Button
So, do any of these words seem to reveal any hidden feelings you might have about something or someone in your life?
Would you want people to read meaning into this list of freely-associated words? Why or why not?

15. Conscious Mind
The thoughts and feelings one is currently aware of

16. Preconscious Mind
Region of the mind holding information that is not conscious but is retrievable into conscious awareness
Holds thoughts and memories not in one’s current awareness but can easily be retrieved

17. Unconscious Mind
Region of the mind that is a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories

18. The Mind According to Freud

19. The Psychodynamic Perspective: The Id, Ego, and Superego
Module 17: Psychodynamic and Humanistic Perspectives

20. 90% of the Iceberg Rests Beneath the Surface of the Water.
Freud believed that people were like icebergs – only allowing a bit of their personalities to be seen and hiding the rest from others.
Do you, yourself, show your true self to others?
Do you feel others around you know “the real you”? Why or why not?
What types of things do people keep hidden from casual friends & acquaintances? Why?
What types of things DO you share? Why?

21. Freud’s Concept of the “Id”
The part of personality that consists of unconscious, psychic energy
Strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives
Operates on the “pleasure principle” - demanding immediate gratification
Is present from birth

22. Freud’s Concept of the “Superego”
The part of personality that consists of internalized ideals and standards
One’s conscience; focuses on what the person “should” do

23. Freud’s Concept of the “Ego”
Largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality
Operates on the reality principle - satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

24. Brother Cartoons Devil = the id Angel = superego Character = ego
Each would give the character advice, and that character would have to choose to whom it would listen. The devil, the id, encourages more licentious behavior; the angel, representing the superego, advises obedience to moral and ethical principles. The character, the ego, must take in both types of advice and make the most realistic decision.

25. Examples
A Simpsons episode features Bart suffering from a moral dilemma, complete with good and bad angels; the good angel knocks out the bad angel by throwing its halo like Captain America's shield, at which point Bart remarks, "It figures that my conscience would suffer from mood swings".
In Disney's version of Pinocchio, Jiminy Cricket is hired by the "Blue Fairy" to act as Pinocchio's conscience. Note that "Jiminy Cricket" has the same initials as "Jesus Christ." This is intentional, as at the time this was the acceptable replacement term.
Pirates Of The Caribbean: At World's End gives Jack Sparrow two smaller Jacks that appear to come out of his hair. Instead of the traditional good and evil, the dilemma is between rum and immortality without rum, at least until they point out to him that having rum once every ten years for eternity is still more rum than having it every day of a normal lifetime.
The 30 Rock episode "Black Tie" played with this in a rather surreal way. Pete is about to cheat on his wife when Kenneth pops in through a vent and tells him not to. Then Tracy pops through another vent, so that he's framed above Pete's other shoulder, and argues with Kenneth. Finally, Pete turns to dramatically declare "I'm sorry, I can't do this - I love my wife!"
The Cat in the Hat Group Activity and then individual assignment, psychoanalyzing someone.

26. The Psychodynamic Perspective: Defense Mechanisms
Module 17: Psychodynamic and Humanistic Perspectives

27. Defense Mechanisms
In psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

28. Repression
Puts anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories into the unconscious mind
The basis for all other defense mechanisms

29. Regression
Allows an anxious person to retreat to a more comfortable, infantile stage of life

30. Denial
Lets an anxious person refuse to admit that something unpleasant is happening

31. Reaction Formation
Reverses an unacceptable impulse, causing the person to express the opposite of the anxiety-provoking, unconscious feeling
Ex: if you are interested in someone who is unavailable, you find yourself feeling a curious dislike (instead of fondness).

32. Projection
Disguises threatening feelings of guilty anxiety by attributing the problems to others
Ex: I don’t trust him becomes “I don’t trust myself”, or the thief thinks everyone else is a theif.

33. Rationalization
Displaces real, anxiety-provoking explanations with more comforting justifications for one’s actions
Ex: the smoker rationalizes that she just smokes “to look older”, or “only when I’m with my friends.”

34. Displacement
Shifts an unacceptable impulse toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
Ex: the company owner becomes upset and yells at the manager, who yells at the clerk, who goes home and yells at the kids and the kids kick the dog. All have been displacing (except the dog).

35. Defense Mechanisms

36. Create a Narrative
In your group, create a narrative (or story) using the defense mechanisms as characters. Each mechanism should behave according to the description given in your text.
Ex: Ruby Repression might be trying to banish feelings she’s having, that are causing her anxiety and guilt, so she enlists the help of her friends.

37. Skits Enact the skit that your group is assigned.
You will have 10 minutes to review before you act it out.
The others will guess which defense mechanism you are illustrating and why they give the answer they do.
Handouts 17-6a and 17-6b
Also, handout 17-5 “Defense Mechanisms”

38. The Psychodynamic Perspective: Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Module 17: Psychodynamic and Humanistic Perspectives

39. Psychosexual Stages
In Freudian theory, the childhood stages of development during which the id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on different parts of the body
The stages include: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
A person can become “fixated” or stuck at a stage, leading to problems as an adult

40. Oral Stage Pleasure comes from chewing, biting, and sucking.
Weaning can be a conflict at this stage.
1-18 months
The person weaned too early would show signs of oral fixation later in life – always putting objects in the mouth, chain smoking, or overeating.

41. Freud’s Stages of Development

42. Anal Stage Gratification comes from bowel and bladders functions.
Potty training can be a conflict at this stage.
18-36 months
Fixation occurs in one of two ways: 1) if potty training occurs too early, a person can become anal retentive (overly neat and fussy about organization and details) and 2) if potty training is not encouraged or allowed to happen haphazardly, the person can become anal-expulsive (overly messy)

43. Freud’s Stages of Development

44. Phallic Stage The pleasure zone shifts to the genitals.
Boys cope with incestuous feelings toward their mother and rival feelings toward their dad (Oedipus conflict).
Freud based his theory on the case study of a little boy named Hans. Five-year-old Hans had developed a fear of horses, which Freud believed was actually a displaced fear of his father. In addition, he had developed castration anxiety, a fear of having his penis cut off because his parents had told him if he continued to play with it, it would be cut off. He had noticed that his sister lacked a penis, so he concluded that his parents had cut her penis off.

45. Freud’s Stages of Development

46. Latency Stage Sexual feelings are dormant.
Child identifies with and tries to mimic the same sex parent to learn gender identity.
Instead of fearing the same-sex parent, girls and boys start to “buddy up” to Mom and Dad, respectively. Freud called it the “identification process”. This theory offers one explanation of gender identity, which is our sense of what it means to be either male or female.

47. Freud’s Stages of Development

48. Genital Stage
Begins at puberty with the maturation of sexual interests
Freud believed that unresolved conflicts in any of the psychosexual stages could cause problems later in life.

49. Freud’s Stages of Development

50. The Psychodynamic Perspective: Neo-Freudians
Module 17: Psychodynamic and Humanistic Perspectives

51. Neo-Freudians
Followers of Freud’s theories but developed theories of their own in areas where they disagreed with Freud
Include Adler, Jung, and Horney

52. Alfred Adler ( )
Neo-Freudian who thought social tensions were more important than sexual tensions in the development of personality
Believed psychological problems were the result of feelings of inferiority

53. Inferiority Complex
According to Adler, a condition that comes from being unable to compensate for normal inferiority feelings
This is the origin of a label you’ve probably already heard.

54. Carl Jung (Yoong)( )
Neo-Freudian who believed that humans share a collective unconscious

55. Collective Unconscious
Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our ancestors
Information everyone knows from birth
Archetypes (AR-kuh-types) – universal symbols found in stories, myths, and art.
Ex: the shadow archetype is the darker, evil side of human nature. Supposedly, we hide this from the world and ourselves.

56. Inherited Memory
Contemporary psychologists reject the notion of inherited memory. However, many believe that our shared evolutionary history has contributed to some universal behavior tendencies (like hiding our worst secrets from others), or dispositions (evil).

57. Karen Horney (HORN-eye)(1885-1952)
Neo-Freudian who found psychoanalysis negatively biased toward women
Believed cultural/social variables are the foundation of personality development

58. Neurosis
Horney fully developed the idea of neurosis, or a driving need for something or someone. She believed neuroses helped to make life bearable, giving us a sense of something to strive for. Only when people didn’t fulfill a need or became obsessed with a particular neurotic need did these become problematic and interfere with life.

59. Ten Neurotic Needs, Three Categories
1) Compliance includes needs for affection, a partner, and simplifying one’s life.
Aggression includes needs for power, exploitation of others, prestige, personal admiration, and personal achievement.
Withdrawal includes needs for independence and perfection.

60. The Psychodynamic Perspective: Assessing Personality
Module 17: Psychodynamic and Humanistic Perspectives

61. Projective Tests
Personality tests that provide ambiguous stimuli to trigger projection of one’s inner thoughts and feelings
Include:
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Rorschach Inkblot Test

62. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
The person makes up a story of a picture they are shown

63. Rorschach Inkblot Test
Personality test that seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of 10 inkblots
Most widely used personality test
Note: Hermann Rorschach was Swiss; couldn’t find a publisher for his book, which was poorly received. Died at 37 (appendicitis).
Current controversy about the Rorschach being online!

64. Make a Connection…
Remember the term Projective Tests by linking that term to Freud’s defense mechanism of projection
With projection, clients attribute their negative feelings to someone or something else, making it safer for them to have those types of feelings
Projective tests enable people to apply their feelings to a picture, which the analyst interprets to explain hidden feelings & experiences

65. The Psychodynamic Perspective: Evaluating the Perspective
Module 17: Psychodynamic and Humanistic Perspectives

66. Updating Freud’s Theory
Most psychodynamic psychologists agree:
Sex is not the basis of personality.
People do not “fixate” at various stages of development.
Much of a person’s mental life is unconscious.
People struggle with inner conflicts, and childhood experiences shape us.

67. The Humanistic Perspective
Module 17: Psychodynamic and Humanistic Perspectives

68. Humanistic Psychology
Perspective that focuses on the study of conscious experience, the individual’s freedom to choose, and capacity for personal growth
Studies fulfilled and healthy individuals rather than troubled people

69. The Humanistic Perspective: Abraham Maslow and Self-Actualization
Module 17: Psychodynamic and Humanistic Perspectives

70. Abraham Maslow ( )
Humanistic psychologist who proposed the hierarchy of needs
Believed self-actualization is the ultimate psychological need

71. Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs, proceeding through safety needs and then to psychological needs
Higher-level needs won’t become active until lower-level needs have been satisfied.

72. Self-Actualization
According to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need
Arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved
The motivation to fulfill potential

73. Self-Actualization Characteristics include:
Self aware and self accepting
Open, spontaneous, loving, and caring
Not paralyzed by other’s opinions
Focused on a particular task
Involved in few deep relationships
Have been moved to peak experiences

74. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

75. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

76. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

77. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

78. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

79. Why Aren’t More Adults Self-Actualized, if the Tendency is Innate?
It’s the weakest of need and the most easily impeded.
Jonah Complex: we doubt our own abilities (and aren’t courageous enough)
The cultural environment stifles self-actualization (ex: definitions of “manliness” prevent the male child from developing traits of sympathy, kindness, and tenderness, all of which characterize the self-actualized person.
Childhood experiences may inhibit personal growth. Children from warm, secure, friendly homes are more likely to choose experiences that lead to personal growth. Excessive control and coddling is harmful but so is excessive permissiveness.

80. Debunk Maslow?
Can you come up with experiences that contradict Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Can students learn when they are hungry?
Why do people go on hunger strikes to protest in favor of a cause they believe in?
Why are there such things as “starving artists”?

81. Module 17: Psychodynamic and Humanistic Perspectives
The Humanistic Perspective: Carl Rogers and the Person-Centered Approach
Module 17: Psychodynamic and Humanistic Perspectives

82. Carl Rogers ( )
Humanistic psychologist who stressed the importance of acceptance, genuineness, and empathy in fostering human growth

83. Unconditional Positive Regard
According to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

84. Genuineness
Freely expressing one’s feelings and not being afraid to disclose details about oneself

85. Empathy Sharing thoughts and understanding
Listening and reflecting the other person’s feelings

86. The Humanistic Perspective: Assessing Personality and the Self
Module 17: Psychodynamic and Humanistic Perspectives

87. Humanistic Measures
Humanistic measures of personality center on evaluating a person’s self concept--all of our thought and feelings about ourselves
Answer the question “Who Am I?”

88. The Humanistic Perspective: Evaluating the Perspective
Module 17: Psychodynamic and Humanistic Perspectives

89. Evaluating Humanism
Humanism has influenced therapy, child-rearing, and the workplace
Laid the foundation for positive psychology

90. Evaluating the Humanistic Perspective
Unintentional Effects:
Mistakenly interpreted unconditional positive regard for children as meaning we should never offer constructive criticism to a child, or, worse, never tell a child no.
Critics also point out that many humanistic terms are vague and hard to define precisely so that other researchers can test them: spontaneous, loving, productive.
It did, however, lay the ground for the positive psychology movement of the past decade. Many researchers are studying the human strengths and virtues, like courage and hope, of healthy people, rather than just the disorders of those who are not psychologically healthy.

91. Self-Ratings & Self-Concepts
Try some self-ratings quizzes.
Handouts 17-7, 17-8, 17-9, 17-10, 17-11, 17-12

92. Comparing Forces in Psychological Thought
Two different views about human behavior come together in this module and present opposed views on human nature, causes of mental illness, and goals of therapy. Yet, they share some similarities.
Psychodynamic Perspective believes people are born with a strong, selfish id and develop a sense of morality and reality.
Humanistic Psychologists believe people are naturally good & full of potential, which must be drawn out with love and empathy.
Plus, Freudian thinkers sought to uncover the past while humanistic thinkers were concerned with helping clients discover how they could maximize their present circumstances.

93. Videos The Mind Hidden and Divided (Discovering Psychology)
Personality
Freud Under Analysis (Nova)
Feel Good About Failure (20/20)
The Truth About Lies (PBS, The Public Mind).

94. The End

95. Name of Concept
Use this slide to add a concept to the presentation

96. Name of Concept
Use this slide to add a table, chart, clip art, picture, diagram, or video clip. Delete this box when finished