1. Mission 6 Water Winners By: Audrey, Palladio, Landry and Jake

2. Where is groundwater located? Groundwater is water that exists within soils and broken rocks underneath the ground. Groundwater is a part of the overall hydrologic cycle. It gets into the ground mostly through rain seeping into the soil, a process called infiltration. Sections of soil and/or rock that hold groundwater (think of them as rocky sponges) from which the water can be taken for us to use are called aquifers. Water is taken from the aquifer to the surface using wells and pumps.

3. Why should we care about groundwater? According to the EPA(Environmental Protection Agency.), 40% of people living in the United States use groundwater for drinking, cooking, cleaning, showering, and all other types of activities. 97% of people living in rural areas of the nation use groundwater, and 30-40% of water used agriculturally (for farming) is from the ground. So we should care about groundwater because some people depend on it to live.

4. How can groundwater get polluted? Ground water can get polluted through things like farming and industry. Pesticides and other things can soak through the ground and get into the ground water. Also poop from cows and other animals can also soak through the ground along with chemicals and other nasty materials like acid rain.

6. How can groundwater contamination be prevented? 1. Don’t Use salt to melt ice. 2. Don’t use fertilizer. 3. Pick up your pets poop. 4. Use Erosion Control Fences.

7. How can contamination groundwater be cleaned up? Groundwater can sometimes be difficult to clean up due to its location. Many times the water is pumped up a well, cleaned, and then sent back down the well into the aquifer. Sometimes an additive is placed in the groundwater that either makes the contaminants less harmful or destroys them. When there is contamination, not only does the water need to be cleaned, but often the soil as well. If the soil wasn't cleaned, then the

8. contaminants could just seep back into the water. Thus, cleaning is a very, very expensive and time consuming process. Sometimes it might be impossible or too expensive to clean up the contamination at all! Specific Examples of Cleaning Methods: (There are many more.) Soil Vapor Extraction system.

9. Bioremediation: Bioremediation involves using bacteria to clean up the contamination by "eating" it. Usually nutrients are pumped down into the contaminated area. The nutrients help bacteria, which are already in the groundwater, to grow and destroy the contamination.

10. Soil Vapor Extraction: In SVE, air is pulled through the ground in order to pull certain contaminants out of the groundwater. This method also increases air movement underground so that the helpful bacteria in the ground can "breath" better and destroy more contaminants. The air that is pulled out of the ground then needs to be treated also.

11. "Pump and Treat" Systems: Sometimes groundwater is cleaned by pumping it to the surface and cleaning it above ground. The clean water is then pumped back into the ground. This is sometimes is a problem, as there might not be anywhere to put it while it is being cleaned up. Another issue is that while the water is now clean, the contaminant still needs to be disposed of safely somewhere. This can take even more time and effort.

12. How Does Groundwater move? Groundwater is not "held" in one place underground--it flows through the aquifer. Groundwater is transported through aquifers because of two main reasons: gravity and pressure. In unconfined aquifers, which we concentrate on because they are more likely to be contaminated, water always flows from high points to low points because of gravity.

13. Good Bye!