1. PPT *Note Taking Guide Available
Verbs
PPT
*Note Taking Guide Available

2. A verb is a word that: Verb Definition expresses action
makes a statement
links relationships.   

3. Finite Verbs

4. Finite Verbs
A finite verb is considered TRANSITIVE or INTRANSITIVE depending upon its relationship with some other words in the sentence.

5. Transitive Verbs

6. Transitive Verbs A transitive verb has two characteristics.
First, it is an ACTION VERB, expressing a DOABLE activity like kick, want, paint, write, eat, clean, etc.
Second, it must have a DIRECT OBJECT, something or someone who RECEIVES the action of the verb.

7. Transitive Verbs
Look at these sentences:
He met her yesterday.
She wrote a story last year.
Rust destroys iron.
In these sentences, the verbs are the words met, wrote and destroys.  
In each sentence, you ask the question, “______ WHOM/WHAT?'  
You will get the answers as follows:
sentence 1 — question: met whom? 
answer: her
sentence 2 — question: wrote what? 
answer: story
sentence 3 — question: destroys what? 
answer: iron
(note that we use whom in the questions for human beings and what for things and also for animals.)
The words her, story and iron in the sentences above are called OBJECTS in grammar.
A transitive verb is, therefore, a verb which has an object.

8. What is an Object?
An object, we may say, is the AIM or PURPOSE or DESTINATION or TARGET of a verb's action.
In our three example-sentences, the verbs met, wrote and destroys have the words her, story and iron as their TARGETS.
These targets are called OBJECTS.  
With a transitive verb, we can EXPECT these objects.

9. Why Are They Called “Transitive”?
We call these verbs 'transitive' because these verbs have the property of TRANSITIVITY

10. Why Are They Called “Transitive”?
What is transitivity?
To transit means to pass through.
Each of the verbs met, wrote and destroys in our examples has its action CONVEYED (CARRIED) to the object.
We might also say that the action begins with the subject (he, she, rust in our sentences) and PASSES THROUGH the verb to the direct object.
This property of the verb is transitivity. Hence we call these verbs transitive. Understanding these verbs in this way helps us to remember what they are.

11. List of Transitive Verbs
Here's a list of transitive verbs.
eat, drink, read, write, play, see, hear, answer, find, love, like, understand, catch, bring, sing, meet, give, take, get, forget, buy, sell, pay, help.

12. Examples (a) The teacher answered the question.
Trans Verb = answered Object = question
(b) My friend bought a house.
Trans Verb = bought Object = house
(c) The children found the money.
Trans Verb = found Object = money
(d) Most Indians love cricket.
Trans Verb = love Object = cricket
(e) The Robinsons like football.
Trans Verb = like Object = football

13. Examples Sylvia kicked Juan under the table.
Kicked = transitive verb; Juan = direct object.
Joshua wants a smile from Leah, his beautiful but serious lab partner.
Wants = transitive verb; smile = direct object.
Cory painted the canvas in Jackson Pollock fashion, dribbling bright colors from a heavily soaked brush.
Painted = transitive verb; canvas = direct object.

14. Examples Alisha wrote a love poem on a restaurant napkin.
Wrote = transitive verb; poem = direct object.
Antonio eats lima beans drenched in brown gravy.
Eats = transitive verb; lima beans = direct object.
Pinky the poodle cleans the dirty supper dishes with his tongue before Grandma loads the "prewashed" items into dishwasher.
Cleans, loads = transitive verbs; dishes, items = direct objects.

15. Intransitive Verbs

16. Intransitive Verbs
Important Note: When no DIRECT OBJECT follows an action verb, the verb is INTRANSITIVE.

17. Intransitive Verbs An intransitive verb has two characteristics.
First, LIKE a transitive verb, it is an ACTION VERB, expressing a DOABLE activity like arrive, go, lie, sneeze, sit, die, etc.
Second, UNLIKE a transitive verb, it will NOT have a direct object receiving the action.

18. Intransitive Verbs Here are some examples:
walk, jump, sleep, sit, lie, stand, weep, kneel, fall, fly, flow, remain, die, belong, wait, come, go.

19. Intransitive Verbs Here are some example sentences.
(a)  We walk to the railway station.
(b)  The children jump with joy.
(c)  Babies sleep for many hours.
(d)  My brother stood there.
(e)  Jesus wept.

20. Examples Identify the Intransitive Verb:
Huffing and puffing, we arrived at the classroom door with only seven seconds to spare.
Arrived = intransitive verb.
James went to the campus cafe for a steaming bowl of squid eyeball stew.
Went = intransitive verb.

21. Examples
To escape the midday sun, the cats lie in the shade under our cars.
Lie = intransitive verb.
Around fresh ground pepper, Sheryl sneezes with violence.
Sneezes = intransitive verb.
In the evenings, Glenda sits on the front porch to admire her immaculate lawn.
Sits = intransitive verb.
Flipped on its back, the beetle that Clara soaked with insecticide dies under the refrigerator.
Dies = intransitive verb.

22. Exceptions: Intransitive Verbs
You will often find TRANSITIVE verbs used INTRANSITIVELY, i.e. without an object.
They are eating.
We play in the evening.
I understand.

23. Exceptions: Intransitive Verbs
At rare times intransitive verbs are used transitively.
How did you cover all that distance? We walked it.
('walked' has the object 'it' in this sentence)
I cannot stand such nonsense.
('stand' has the object 'nonsense' in this sentence)

24. Exceptions: Can Be Used As Both
Realize that many verbs can be both transitive and intransitive.
An action verb with a direct object is transitive while an action verb with no direct object is intransitive.

25. Exceptions: Can Be Used As Both
Some verbs, such as arrive, go, lie, sneeze, sit, and die, are always intransitive; it is IMPOSSIBLE for a direct object to follow.
Other action verbs, however, CAN be transitive or intransitive, depending on what follows in the sentence.

26. Exceptions: Can Be Used As Both
Because of blood sugar problems, Rosa always eats before leaving for school.
Eats = intransitive verb.
If there is no leftover pizza, Rosa usually eats whole-grain cereal.
Eats = transitive verb; cereal = direct object.
During cross-country practice, Damien runs over hills, through fields, across the river, and along the highway.
Runs = intransitive verb.
In the spring, Damien will run his first marathon.
Will run = transitive verb; marathon = direct object.

27. Note:
Besides transitive and intransitive verbs, we have LINKING VERBS in the finite verbs family.

28. Verbals
A verbal is the form of a verb used as a noun, adjective or adverb.

29. Verbals Verbals is another name for NON-FINITE verbs.
The important questions are...
What are non-finite verbs?
Why are they called verbals?
What are the things to learn about them?

30. Non-finites
Simply put, non-finite verbs are verbs which are NOT finite verbs.
Looks very simple, but it's not entirely so.
The basic points of difference between finites and non-finites are as follows:

31. Difference Between Finites and Non-finites #1
A non-finite verb DOES NOT change according to its SUBJECT, as a finite verb does.
Example: He likes to drive. They like to drive.
The non-finite verb to drive remains constant, while the finite verb like/likes changes according to the subject he/they.

32. Difference Between Finites and Non-finites #2
Non-finite verbs are not affected by TENSE CHANGES, finite verbs are...
Example:
They like to drive. They liked to drive.
The finite verb shows two DIFFERENT forms like or liked for the simple present and simple past tenses respectively.
For the non-finite verb to drive, tense is IRRELEVANT.

33. Why Are Non-finites Called Verbals?
We often call the different types of non-finite verbs a "VERBAL SOMETHING," depending on the non-verblike work they do.
So the word 'verbal' becomes a kind of GENERIC (common) name for them.
There are three types of VERBALS/Non-finite verbs:
The Gerund is known as a verbal noun.
the Participle is often called a verbal adjective.
The Infinitive does the work of a noun, or an adjective, or an adverb (adjective modifier, purpose modifier, etc). 
We usually don't call the infinitive a verbal noun or a verbal adjective, only because we don't want to CONFUSE it with the gerund or the participle.

34. Infinitives

35. Infinitives
Infinitives are one of the three groups of non-finite verbs (also called verbals)
We shall look at this particular type of verb from three angles:
How it looks (its form or morphology)
What work it does in a sentence (its function or syntax)
Its meaning (or semantics)

36. How Can You Recognize an Infinitive?
Its form is usually as follows:
to eat, to drink, to play, to be, etc.
with a 'TO' before it.
In some cases the word 'to' is dropped.
We speak of such a verb (with the word 'to' dropped) as a BARE INFINITIVE.
The bare infinitive is the STANDARD FORM of an English verb.

37. What work does it do?
According to function, that is, the work it does in a sentence (syntax), it may be both a NOUN and a VERB
Here is an example:
I like to finish the work quickly.
In this sentence the infinitive to finish does the following jobs:
It is the object of the finite verb like—therefore to finish is similar to a NOUN (because being an object is a noun's job).
The phrase to finish has its own object, work—so to finish is a VERB (since verbs have objects).

38. Example Cont.
The adverb quickly modifies (i.e. tells us something more about) to finish.
Since the phrase to finish is modifiable by an adverb, it must be a VERB.
We can say that the infinitive, though born in the verb family, does not limit itself to being a verb.
It often behaves like a noun when it goes around socializing in the world of sentences!

39. Also…
In some cases...
It behaves even as an ADJECTIVE, as in the following sentence.
That was a game to watch!
In this sentence, to watch tells us something more about the quality of the game (a noun). Describing a noun is the work of an adjective.
Sometimes it can behave like an ADVERB. The sentence below illustrates this.
Her voice is pleasant to hear.
The phrase to hear tells us something more about the quality of being pleasant.
The word pleasant is an adjective, and words that tell us more about an adjective are traditionally called adverbs.

40. The Infinitive and Meaning
If we take the meaning, (semantics) then the infinitive could be viewed as a pure, unadulterated form of a VERB.
This pure meaning we modify, change, or mutate, by imposing on it such things as tense, modality, voice, etc.
The infinitive in itself (semantically) is a pure ACTION WORD (to do, to write, etc) or a word denoting EXISTENCE (to be)

41. Gerund

42. Gerund
A gerund is a non-finite verb and is often referred to as a VERBAL NOUN.
There are three kinds of non-finite verbs:
Gerund
Infinitive
Participle

43. Gerund MORPHOLOGY—i.e. the shape of the gerund-word
To understand the gerund, we shall look at its...
MORPHOLOGY—i.e. the shape of the gerund-word
SYNTAX—i.e. its function in a sentence
SEMANTICS—i.e. its meaning.

44. Gerund It has an "-ing" ending.
Please note that all verbs ending in “-ing" are NOT gerunds.
PRESENT PARTICIPLES also have the same form.
It is easy therefore to CONFUSE a gerund with a present participle.
This is why we need to look at the WORK it does in a sentence.

45. The Syntax of the Gerund
The gerund does the work of a NOUN in a sentence.
This means, it can be any one of the following:
The SUBJECT of a verb, as in the sentence...
Swimming is good exercise.
The word swimming is the subject of the verb is.
The OBJECT of a finite verb, as in...
You enjoy learning a new language.
The word learning is the object of the finite verb enjoy.
The OBJECT of a non-finite verb...
She intends to begin writing the story soon.
The word writing is the object of to begin, an infinitive (i.e. a non-finite verb).

46. The Syntax of the Gerund
The object of a preposition...
He is interested in joining the group.
The word joining is the object of the preposition in.
The indirect object of a verb...
She gave reading great importance in her life.
The word reading is the indirect object of the verb gave.
All these functions which the gerund is shown doing are usually those of a NOUN.
Depending on the function, the grammatical case of the gerund will be nominative or accusative or genitive, etc.

47. The Semantics of the Gerund.
You know that the NOUN is a name.
The gerund is also a name.
It is the name of an activity.
In so far as it is an activity, it is a verb. In so far as it is a name, it is a noun.
Here are two examples:
walking stick—the word walking looks like an adjective describing stick...but it is not—
walking stick is not a stick which walks. It is a compressed form of stick for walking. So walking is the object of the preposition for. So walking is a gerund.
reading room—the phrase does not mean that the room reads. It is a compression of a room for (the purpose of) reading. So reading is a gerund.

48. Participles

49. Participle
a participle is a word that shares some characteristics of both VERBS and ADJECTIVES
It can be used in compound verb tenses or voices, or as a modifier.
A phrase composed of a participle and other words is a PARTICIPIAL PHRASE.

50. Participles Look at these two sentences:
The stranger ignored the barking dogs.
I saw a boy riding a bicycle.
In sentence 1, the word barking...
is formed from the verb 'bark' and it also denotes an action; therefore it is a VERB
describes the noun 'dogs' and therefore it is like an ADJECTIVE.

51. Participles
In sentence 2, the whole phrase riding a bicycle... acts like an ADJECTIVE.
It describes the noun 'boy'. 
The whole phrase is called a PARTICIPIAL PHRASE and the word 'riding' is called its HEAD...
and as the head it is mainly responsible for the adjectival function.
The word 'riding' also acts like a VERB, because it has 'bicycle' as its OBJECT.
Also remember that the phrase 'riding a bicycle' is an action-based description of the boy.

52. Participles A participle is a verbal ADJECTIVE.
It is by birth a verb, but mostly serves nouns and pronouns as an ADJECTIVE does.
They are of three types:
the PRESENT Participle
the PAST Participle
the PERFECT Participle.

53. Present Participles
This NON-FINITE verb can be recognized from its -ING ending
(e.g. eating, playing, singing, studying, sleeping).
However, this fact alone is not enough to recognize it for sure, because the GERUND also has the same ending.

54. Present Participles
A present participle does the work of an ADJECTIVE, but a gerund does the work of a NOUN.
Though both have the same form, they are different in the JOBS they do (i.e. in their function).

55. Present Participle These two examples will make this point clear…
I enjoy singing.
'singing' is the object of the verb 'enjoy'—being an object of a verb is the mark of a noun—therefore, 'singing' is a GERUND.
She is a singing girl.
'singing' describes the noun 'girl'—describing a noun is the function of an adjective—therefore 'singing' is a PARTICIPLE.
So if you want to recognize a present participle you need to take into consideration not only its form but also its USE in sentences.

56. Past Participle All past participles DO NOT have one type of form.
So they are harder to recognize.

57. Past Participle Here are some ways to help you recognize them...
They often have one of these endings: -ed, -d, -t, en, -n
(as in: developed, hoped, burnt, fallen, grown).
Sometimes they are formed by making an INTERNAL CHANGE in the basic form of the verb
e.g. sung from sing, won from win, bound from bind, met from meet).
A third way of forming the past participle is by NOT CHANGING the form of the verb at all
(as in verbs: put, cut, set).

58. Perfect Participle
The form of this particular non-finite verb depends on that of the PREVIOUS one, i.e. the PAST PARTICIPLE.
The form is: the word 'HAVING' + the past participle. (e.g. having sung, having won, having met, having rested, having seen, etc).

59. Any…
QUESTIONS?