1. WHAT DO CHILDREN DO DURING INCIDENTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

2. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE’S UNDERSTAND WHAT IS MEANT BY DOMESTIC VIOLENCE. RECOGNISE HOW CHILDREN RESPOND DURING INCIDENTS. UNDERSTAND THE IMPLICATIONS OF THOSE RESPONSES IDENTIFY SAFER RESPONSES

3. TAXONOMY OF CHILDREN’S EXPOSURE TO DOMESTIC VIOLENCE. DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS Reference Holden G.W. (2003) Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 6 (3) 151-160 page 152

4. EXPOSURE TYPEDEFINITIONEXAMPLES …… Exposed prenatally Real or imagined effects of DV on the developing foetus Foetus assaulted in utero; pregnant mother living in terror; mothers perceived that the DV during pregnancy had affected their foetus Intervenes The child verbally or physically attempts to stop the assault Asks parents to stop; attempts to defend mother Victimised The child is physically or verbally assaulted during an incident Child intentionally hit by a thrown object etc ParticipatesThe child is forced or “voluntarily” joins in the assault Coerced to participate, used as spy; joins in taunting mother

5. EyewitnessThe child directly observes the assault Watches assault or is present to hear verbal abuse Overhears The child hears,though does not see the assault Hears yelling, threats or breaking of objects Observes the initial effects The child sees some of the immediate consequences of the assault Sees bruises or injuries; police; ambulance; damaged property; intense emotions Experiences the aftermath The child faces changes in his / her life as a consequence of the assault Experiences maternal depression; change in parenting ; separation from father ; relocation Hears about it The child is told or overhears conversations about the assault Learns of the assault from mother, sibling, relative or someone else Ostensibly unawareThe child does not know of the assault, according to the source Assault occurred away from the home or while children were away; or occurred when mother believed child was asleep.

6. SEARCHING FOR EVIDENCE Facet Analysis and Search Terms Facet 1 Population Child Children Adolescent Young person Facet 2 Incident Domestic violence Domestic abuse Battered woman Intimate partner violence Interparental violence Marital aggression Facet 3 outcome Response Action Perception Coping Experience

7. PARTICIPANTS The child participants were aged 3-15 years. A pictorial representation of thoughts and feelings, under supervision, was used to allow the participation of 4 year olds using previously tested tools. The 3 year olds data was the result of transcribing portions of their counselling sessions.

8. PROBLEM SOLVING 44%-50% -DIRECT - Uses self to distract parents to switch attention/ anger to child i.e. whining, deliberately making music loud, shoots a drink into the air, fidgeting, crying so someone will step in. - direct intervention ask them to stop, -physical intervention -Talk to them about something else -INDIRECT go to a neighbour OR family member for help - call the police

9. Avoidance 33%-67% Turning on music - Reading a book -make up songs - trying not to listen - Closing ones ears - go to a different room ( withdraw) - seek support from sibling - Head under the pillow and fingers in ear. -emotion focused aggression; physical or verbal i.e. – slamming a door, throwing something screaming at sibling.

10. Non problem solving response - Cognitive: use fantasy or trying to change way of thinking tells self it is not too bad, act the way you want to feel.

11. Differences in response 1 Mullender et al( 2002) identified 12-16 year olds as more likely to directly intervene Adamson and Thompson 1997 found 35% of children from domestic violence homes used problem solving BUT 27% consisted of aggression interventions with 8-12 year olds becoming physically involved. DeBoard –Lucas found direct interventions rare.

12. Differences in responses 2 A possible explanation for these differences is that in some instances children were asked to report their PROPOSED response to a scenario but, children’s stated responses do not always match their actual response Sample differences Some children were resident in a refuge and had been subject to physical violence. Others remained at home with both parents

13. Implications and analysis Problem solving by the child drawing attention to him/herself may be effective in the short term but in situations of heightened parental conflict may increase the risk of physical violence to the child and so can be considered as both protective and maladaptive.

14. Implications and analysis 2 Arguably a pattern of problem solving learnt behaviour may explain the externalising generally antisocial behaviours that are double that of the general population (Sternberg et al 2006)of children subject to domestic violence and why some children, possibly those choosing avoidance coping strategies do not (Clements et al 2008) develop significant behavioural issues.

15. Gender differences ? The findings for boys were ambiguous. Martin et al 2002 found no differences Interparental violence significantly correlated with withdrawal,anxiety and distraction to stop the conflict and anxiety during observed parent to child hostility (Gordis et al 1997, Adamson and Thompson 1997) with boys being more likely to intervene in high conflict homes(Miller et al 2010)

16. analysis of findings Withdrawal for boys from non violent homes when responding to “mild” inter-parental conflict ( Gordis et al 1997) indicates a possible lack of cognition or sensitisation of the likely outcome of a scenario Miller et al 2010 also found that boys reported more avoidance strategies AFTER the mother co supported the child to identify alternate strategies.

17. analysis Arguably a child’s appraisal of interparental conflict affects their response (DeBoard-Lucas and Grych 2011, Overlien and Hyden 2009, Gordis et al 1997, Miller et al 2010) as does the child’s age (DeBoard-Lucas and Grych 2011, Adamson and Thompson 1998, Mullender et al 2002).

18. Why do children intervene? Children do NOT blame themselves for parental conflict but feel they should be responsible for stopping the violence with intervention more likely to occur when the topic is related to the child (Overlien and Hyden 2009, DeBoard-Lucas and Grych 2011, Adamson and Thompson 1997, Mullender 2002, Miller et al 2010)

19. analysis children have heightened sensitization to inter-parental violence and show increased reactivity above the general population (Martin and Clements 2002, Gordis et al 1997, Adamson and Thompson 1998, Mullender et al 2002). Age of onset, chronicity and severity of the abuse is therefore significant in terms of child outcomes

20. conclusion Children exposed to interparental aggression or physical abuse may be required to analyse a situation. Children respond based on a situation and act in a manner that is reflective of their understanding and ability to affect the outcome.

21. Additional thoughts Professionals should take into consideration the child’ home environment. Withdrawal is a significant response but may not be available to children living in limited space or age dependently non-mobile. In such situations the emotional impact and thus damage will arguably be increased as will the risk of becoming physically hurt.

22. children seek to affect their parent’s behaviour. As demonstrated by Miller et al 2010 children can be supported to choose actions that are less damaging. Professionals can support parents to recognise the significance of their child’s action Children should be included in safety planning

23. Mullender A, Hague G, Imam U, Kelly l, Malos E, and Regan L 2002. Children ’ s Perspectives on Domestic Violence. Sage publishing Miller P A, Kliewer W, and Partch J (2010)Socialization of Children ’ s Recall and Use of Strategies for Coping with Interparental Conflict Journal Child and Family studies 19: 429-443 DeBoard-Lucas R L, Grych J H (2011) Children ’ s perception of Intimate Partner Violence: Causes, Consequences, and Coping. Journal of family violence 26: 343-354. Overlien C, Hyden M (2009) Children ’ s Actions when Experiencing Domestic Violence. Childhood vol 16 (4): 479-496 Adamson J L, Thompson R A (1998). Coping with Interparental Verbal Conflict by Children Exposed to Spouse Abuse and Children from NonViolent Homes. Journal of family violence vol 13, (3) 213-232 Ornduff S, Monahan K (1999) Children ’ s Understanding of Parental Violence. Child and youth Care Forum 28(5) October 351-364 Martin S E, Clements M L (2002) Young Children Responding to Interparental Conflict: Associations with Marital Aggression and Child Adjustment.Journal of child and family studies vol 11 (2) June 231-244. Gordis EB, Margolin G, John R S (1997) Marital Aggression, observed parental hostility and child behaviour during triadic family interaction Journal of family psychology Mar 97 vol 11 issue 1 Sternberg O.K., Baradaran L.P.,Abbott, C.B., Lamb M.E., Gutterman E.E. (2006)Type of violence, age and gender differences in the effects of family violence on children’ behaviour problems: A mega- analysis. Developmental review 26, 89- 112. Clements C.M. Oxtoby C and Ogle R.L. (2008) Methodological issues in Assessing Psychological adjustment in Child Witnesses of intimate partner violence. Trauma violence and Abuse 9: 114- 127