1. 10 PowerPoint ® Lecture Outlines prepared by Dr. Lana Zinger, QCC  CUNY Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Managing Your Weight: Finding a Healthy Balance

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Introduction  66% of Americans are overweight or obese  Associated health risks Diabetes Cardiovascular Disease Some cancers  $152 billion in medical expenses and lost productivity

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.  Discussion Questions Why do you think obesity is more prevalent among poor Americans? How does lack of transportation for inner city residents impact obesity? How does the cost of fresh fruits and vegetables compare to the price of foods high in carbohydrates and fat? ABC News: Managing Your Weight Play Video Play Video | Managing Your Weight

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 10.1 Obesity Trends Among U.S. Adults, 1996 and 2005

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

6. Determining the Right Weight for You  A healthy weight depends on: Body structure Height Weight distribution Fat to lean tissue ratio  Important to consider overall body composition Muscle weighs more than fat, so muscular individuals might be overweight based on traditional height/weight charts

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Overweight or Obese?  Overweight is 1% to 19% over your ideal weight  Obesity is defined as an excessive accumulation of fat (over 19% above your normal weight)  Men and women have different expected amounts of fat  Too little fat Minimum for men 3-4% Women 8% - can lead to amenorrhea

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Assessing Fat Levels  Body mass index (BMI) Index of the relationship between height and weight BMI of 18.5-25 kg/m2 indicates healthy weight Does have limitations  Waist-to-hip ratio Weight in abdominal region associated with more risk Waist circumference > 40 in. for men; >35 in. for women represents an increased risk of disease

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 10.2 Body Mass Index: Are You at a Healthy Weight?

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

11. Assessing Fat Levels  Measures of Body Fat Hydrostatic weighing technique Pinch and Skinfold Measures Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) Near-Infrared Interactance Magnetic Resonance Imaging The Bod Pod and Pea Pod Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Total Body Electrical Conductivity (TOBEC)

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Risk Factors for Obesity  Heredity and genetic factors Body type and genes Obesity genes  Endocrine influences Under-active thyroid Hormone imbalance

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Risk Factors for Obesity  Hunger, appetite, and satiety Adaptive thermogenesis Brown fat cells  What is the difference between hunger, appetite, and satiety?

14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Risk Factors for Obesity  Metabolic rates (BMR) Age Body composition Gender Fever Starvation

15. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Risk Factors for Obesity  Key environmental factors Energy intake is high Bombarded with advertising Changes in working families Bottle feeding in infants Increase in sedentary lifestyle Misleading food labels Increased opportunities for eating  Psychological factors Food as reward

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Risk Factors for Obesity  Obesity in youth Vulnerable to food ads Larger portions, junk food Social factors Decline of home-cooking Increased production of calorie-laden fast foods Internet Video games Over 17% of youth in U.S. now overweight or obese Heavy adolescents generally heavy adults

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Risk Factors for Obesity  Lifestyle Lack of physical activity Calorie intake Smoking  Gender Women more vulnerable to weight gain Social physique anxiety (SPA) Spend disproportionate amount of time fixated on bodies, working out, performing self-directed tasks

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 10.3 The Concept of Energy Balance

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Managing Your Weight  Keeping weight control in perspective Each person is different Weight loss is not simple The causes are complex, so is the solution  Setting realistic goals Maintainable lifestyle change

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Managing Your Weight  Calorie Unit of measure of the amount of energy obtained from food One pound of fat = 3,500 calories  Adding exercise Resting metabolic rate (RMR) Exercising metabolic rate (EMR)

21. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Managing Your Weight  Improving your eating habits What triggers your eating? Changing your triggers  Selecting a nutritional plan Set goals Seek help from reputable sources

22. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

23. Managing Your Weight  Fad diets Health Risks Very-low-calorie-diets (VLCDs) Ketosis  Drug treatment May have a lasting negative impact on metabolism  Obesity surgery A last resort when all else fails!

24. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Managing Your Weight  Trying to gain weight Moderate exercise Eat more calories Eat at regularly scheduled times Supplement your diet Avoid diuretics, laxatives Relax

25. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

26. Thinking Thin: Body Image Disorders  The media sets the standard for attractiveness Underweight models and celebrities send message than thin is best Striving to achieve these thin standards often makes people ill  Weight bias Difficulty finding a job, workplace discrimination, social issues Stigma against heavy people manifests is many different ways Can lead to isolation, depression, poorer psychological adjustment, higher rates of suicide

27. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Eating Disorders  Anorexia nervosa Self-starvation Intense fear of fat 1% of adolescent girls  Bulimia nervosa Binge and then take inappropriate measures to lose calories (purge) 3% of adolescent and young females 1 Male for every 10 females Often at normal weight

28. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Eating Disorders  Binge eating disorder Often clinically obese Eat excessive amounts without purging

29. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 10.5 The Eating Issues and Body Image Continuum

30. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Eating Disorders  At risk Most often young people Obsessive-compulsive disorder/depression/anxiety all play a role Tend to be women from middle to upper class families Low self esteem, negative body image, perfectionism Male sufferers are increasing

31. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

32. Eating Disorders  Treatments Goal is to stabilize the patient’s life Long-term therapy Multidimensional approach