1. SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE CLAUSES SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE CLAUSES

2. We can use Simple Past and Past Progressive in ONE SENTENCE. My sister was cookingwhen she heard about the accident in the news. PAST PROGRESSIVESIMPLE PAST As you see, the first part of the sentence is an INDEPENDENT CLAUSE. My sister was cooking And the second part of the sentence is a DEPENDENT CLAUSE. when she heard about the accident in the news.

3. The position of the CLAUSES can be swapped. Look: My sister was cooking when she heard about the accident in the news. OR she was cooking.When my sister heard about the accident in the news,

4. When and while introduce the dependent clause. Liz fell on the ground while she was exercising. While Liz was exercising, she fell on the ground. DEPENDENT CLAUSE OR

5. Another example When the alarm went off, she was making breakfast. OR She was making breakfast when the alarm went off. DEPENDENT CLAUSE

6. When the dependent clause begins the sentence, a comma (,) is added at the end of this clause. While I was walking home, I found a ten dollar note. NOTICE THE COMMA. I found a ten dollar note while I was walking home. NO COMMA THIS TIME. DEPENDENT CLAUSE

7. Often, while goes with PAST PROGRESSIVE and when with SIMPLE PAST. Liz fell on the ground while she was exercising. When the alarm went off, she was making breakfast. PAST PROGRESSIVE SIMPLE PAST

8. My sister was cookingwhen she heard about the accident in the news. she was cooking.When my sister heard about the accident in the news, What event occurs first? My sister started cooking. She heard the news. xx NOW PAST And if I change the order of the clauses, does it change the order of the events? NO, IT DOESN’T.

9. In a sentence with two clauses, one of them in SIMPLE PAST and the other in PAST PROGRESSIVE, the clause in PAST PROGRESSIVE expresses the first event. In a sentence with two clauses, one of them in SIMPLE PAST and the other in PAST PROGRESSIVE, the clause in PAST PROGRESSIVE expresses the first event. I found a ten dollar note while I was walking home. I was walking home I found the ten dollar note xx NOW PAST PAST PROGRESSIVE

10. Another example When the alarm went off, she was making breakfast. She was making Breakfast. The alarm went off. xx NOW PAST PAST PROGRESSIVE

11. In a sentence with two clauses, both of them in SIMPLE PAST, the DEPENDENT CLAUSE expresses the first event. In a sentence with two clauses, both of them in SIMPLE PAST, the DEPENDENT CLAUSE expresses the first event. When the mailman arrived, I opened the door. The mailman arrived. I opened the door. xx NOW PAST DEPENDENT CLAUSE

12. Another example It started to rain when we went inside. We went inside. It started to rain. xx NOW PAST DEPENDENT CLAUSE

13. In a sentence with two clauses, both of them in PAST PROGRESSIVE, both events occurred at the same time. In a sentence with two clauses, both of them in PAST PROGRESSIVE, both events occurred at the same time. Robert was driving the car while his wife was answering the call. Robert was driving the car. His wife was answering the phone. NOW PAST

14. Even though Focus on Grammar 4 states that when goes with simple past and while with past progressive, native speakers often use when with both simple past and past progressive. They don't normally use while with simple past. I assume the writers of the book present the use of when and while this way to facilitate students' comprehension.