2. What do we mean by an ecology? What do we meant by an ecosystem? Types of ecosystem. Food chains, ecological pyramid. Water,nitrogen,oxygen and carbon cycle. Some Facts Conclusion.

3. WHAT IS ECOLOGY? Ecology is the branch of biology that deals with the study of interaction between organism and their environment

4. ORIGIN OF THE WORD…”ECOLOGY Greek origin OIKOS = household LOGOS = study of… Study of the “house/environment” in which we live.

5. ECOLOGY IS STUDY OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN non-living components in the environment… light water wind nutrients in soil heat solar radiation atmosphere, etc.

6. LIVING ORGANISMS… Plants Animals microorganisms in soil, etc.

7. ECOLOGY… views each locate as an integrated whole of interdependent parts that function as a unit

8. WHAT IS ECOSYSTEM An ecosystem may be defined as a dynamic system which includes biotic and abiotic environment influencing the properties of each other and both necessary for the maintenance of life.

9. BIOTIC Biotic Factors Biotic, meaning of or related to life, are living factors. Plants, animals, fungi, protist and bacteria are all biotic or living factors.

10. ABIOTIC Abiotic, meaning not alive, are nonliving factors that affect living organisms. Environmental factors such habitat (pond, lake, ocean, desert, mountain) or weather such as temperature, cloud cover, rain, snow, hurricanes, etc. are abiotic factors.

11. TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM There are basically two types of ecosystems; 1)Terrestrial. 2)Aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems: Terrestrial ecosystems are found everywhere apart from water bodies. They are broadly classified into: 1)Forest Ecosystem. 2) Desert Ecosystem. 3) Grassland Ecosystem.

12. TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM 1)Forest Ecosystem: These are the ecosystems where abundance of flora (plants) is seen and they have a large number of organisms living in relatively small areas. 2) Desert Ecosystem: Desert ecosystems are found in regions receiving an annual rainfall of less than 25cm. Flora and fauna are very poorly developed and scarce.

13. 3) Grassland Ecosystem: Grasslands are found in both temperate and tropical regions. This area mainly comprises of grasses with very little amount of shrubs and trees. Main vegetation is grasses, and plants are belonging to composite family.

14. 4) Aquatic eco-system: An aquatic ecosystem is an ecosystem located in a body of water. It comprises aquatic fauna, flora and the properties of water too. There are two types of aquatic ecosystems, 1)Marine and 2) freshwater.

15. 5) Marine ecosystem: Marine ecosystems are the largest ecosystems. The water in Marine ecosystems has salts and minerals. In marine ecosystems brown algae, Jelly fish corals, cephalopods, and sharks are found.

17. 6) Freshwater Ecosystem: There are three basic types of freshwater ecosystems Lentic: Still or slow-moving water like pools, ponds, and lakes. Lotic: Fast-moving water like streams and rivers. Wetlands: Places where the soil is saturated or inundated for at least some time.

18. Begins with the SUN Photosynthesis 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + sunlight & chlorophyll  C6H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

19. The chemical reaction by which green plants use water and carbon dioxide and light from the sun to make glucose. ENERGY is stored in glucose; glucose is stored as starch

20. CLASSIFICATION OF CONSUMERS Primary consumers. Secondary consumers. Tertiary consumers. Consumers that eat producers to get energy are first order or primary consumers E.g herbivores (plant-eaters such as cow)

21. A consumer that eats another consumer for energy: Is called a secondary or second order consumer May be a carnivore or a herbivore May be a predator May be a scavenger

22. A consumer that eats a consumer that already ate a consumer Is called a third order or tertiary consumer May be a carnivore or a herbivore May be a predator May be a scavenger

23. Consumers that eat producers & other consumers Are called omnivores, those eat plants and animals. Eg. Human,dogs etc

24. SOME DEFINITIONS Consumers that eat other consumers that have already died are called scavengers Consumers that hunt & kill other consumers are called predators. They animals that are hunted & killed are called prey

25. ECOSYSTEM NITROGEN CYCLE Of all the elements that plants absorbed from the soil, nitrogen is most important for plant growth. The ultimate source of nitrogen compounds is the atmosphere, which can not be directly metabolized by plants or animals. Nitrogen cycle consist following steps : 1) Ammonification.2) Nitrification 3) Nitrogen assimilation 4)Nitrogen fixation 5)Denitrification 6)Sedimentation

27. AMMONIFICATION Nitrogen enters the soil through the decomposition of protein in dead organic matter Amino acids + 1 1 / 2 O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O + NH 3 + 736kJ This process liberates a lot of energy which can be used by the saprotrophic microbes

28. CARBON CYCLE The Carbon Cycle is a complex series of processes through which all of the carbon atoms in existence rotate.

29. CARBON CYCLE

30. OXYGEN CYCLE The Oxygen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of oxygen. The main source of atmospheric oxygen is photosynthesis.biogeochemical cycleoxygen 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

31. OXYGEN CYCLE

32. FOOD CHAIN The transfer of energy from sun to producer to primary consumer to secondary consumer to tertiary consumer can be shown in a food chain.

33. ENERGY PYRAMID The greatest amount of energy is found at the base of the pyramid. The least amount of energy is found at top of the pyramid.

34. FOOD WEBS Are interconnected food chains They show the feeding relationships in an ecosystem

35. WATER CYCLE

36. The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle or H 2 O cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth.Earth Water can change states among liquid, vapor, and solid at various places in the water cycle. Although the balance of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time, individual water molecules can come and go, in and out of the atmosphere.liquidvaporsolid atmosphere

38. AMAZING FACTS 63,000 square miles of Rainforests are being destroyed each year. Already over half of the world's tropical forests have been lost. The human population of the world is expected to be nearly tripled by the year 2100. On the average, the 140 million cars in America are estimated to travel almost 4 billion miles in a day, and according to the Department of Transportation, they use over 200 million gallons of gasoline doing it.

39. CONCLUSION Ecological studies suggest that there exists an ecological balance between biotic and abiotic components in biosphere. Deforestation and human activity disturbs this balance. So we have to control it for the continuity of ecosystem and hence biosphere.