1. CONNECTORS

2. Coordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating Conjunctions
Transitions
The Differences Between Coordinating, Subordinating Conjunctions and Transitions

3. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
You can join two clauses together by placing a comma and a coordinating conjunction between them.
Here is a list of the most common coordinating conjunctions:
F : for
A: and
N: nor
B : but
O: or
Y : yet
S : so

4. Look at the examples that follow
The bowl of squid eyeball stew is hot and deliciouns.
Rocky, my orange tomcat, loves having his head scratched but hates getting his claws trimmed.
My daughter wants to be a mechanic, so she spends every spare minute at the garage.
Tasha’s living room is cozy, yet her guests always gather in the kitchen.

5. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Two clauses can also be joined with a subordinating conjunction.
Subordinating Conjunction
after since as
because when(ever) although
before unless whereas
while until if

6. Whe could see very clearly last night since the moon was so bright.
Unless his shoulder loosens up a bit, Ron will stay on the bench.
Jessica sent the woman to her mother’s home because Clara had been caring for foster children for years.
Although many children were in need of special care, no centers existed at the time for babies born addicted to drugs and alcohol.

7. subordinating conjunctions fall into two
Some of the most important
subordinating conjunctions fall into two
groups: contrast and cause and effect.
Conjunction Function
although
though express contrast between
whereas ideas
while
because show a cause/effect
as relationship between ideas
since

8. T R A N S I T I O N Some common transition words and phrases
Adding information:
and ,
not only… but also,
also,
moreover,
furthermore,
in addition
Examples
Not only did my brother break his leg, but he also bruised his rib.
Students should be on time. Furthermore, they must be prepared
Showing a Result so
as a result
therefore
thus
as a consequence
consequently
The committee voted against the proposal. Thus, we must consider another idea.
Tina lost her keys. Consequently, she could not drive home.

9. Giving Examples:
for example
for instance
specifically
İn particular
The first(second,another,etc.)
example/reason is…
He often eats strange foods.For istance, he once ate cow brains.
My friend hates skiing for several reasons. The first reasons is that she dislikes being cold. Another reasons is that she often falls
Showing a Contrast:
but
however
on the other hand
otherwise
instead
in contrast
We wanted to leave at 8:00. However, Mike arrived too late.
Women usually enjoy shopping.In contrast, men often dislike it.
Showing a Concession:
yet
nevertheless
even so
although
even though
despite the fact that
I need to wear reading glasses. Nevertheless, I hate how I look in them
Even though the book is difficult to read, it is very interesting.

10. Showing a Similarity:
Likewise
Similarly
İn the same way
Math was hard for me in high school. Likewise , it is hard in college.
Rock climbing takes much practice and skill. In the same way , learning to write well requires a great deal of practice.
Showing a Condition: Or
Whether…or
İf…(then)
I must study hard, or I will fail my exam
Whether you are caming or not,I am still going to Amy’s party.
Explaining or Emphasizing:
in fact
actually
in other words
namely
James is actually the first person I have known who has been to Africa.
He was late to class again.In other words,he didn’t wake up on tıme.
Establishing Time Relation or Sequence:
first
second
finally
in conclusion
in summary
meanwhile
In summary,we should offer her some financial help. Jeff was working hard to clean the house. Meanwhile, his brother was watching television.

11. THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COORDINATING, SUBORDİNATİNG
CONJUNCTIONS AND TRANSITION
Use a coordinating conjunction when you want to give equal emphasis to two main clauses.
The pattern for coordination looks like this:
There have been many health warnings about smoking , but people smoke anyway.
MAİN CLAUSE + , + coordinating conjunction + MAİN CLAUSE

12. The patterns look like these:
Subordination, however , emphasizes the idea in the main clauses more than the one in the subordinate clause .
The patterns look like these:
Shane remained at the library until his daughter called to ask for a ride home.
Because some student work hard in the IELTS class they will get a good grade.
MAİN CLAUSES + Ø + SUBORDİNATE CLAUSE
SUBORDİNATE CLAUSE + , + MAİN CLAUSE

13. Transition Phrases: They make seperate sentences
Biology is a difficult course. Similarly , many students who take physics end up dissappointed with their grade
I enjoy sports. In particular , I enjoy hockey and football.
Full stop before + comma afterwards

14. References
Susan Fawcett & Alvin Sandberg (2000) Evergreen with Readings/ a guide to writing -sixth edition-
Nilgün Yorgancı Furnerss (2006) Milestones of English Grammar I / Perfecting and Practising English Structure
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