1. Matter:
States and Properties

2. What is matter?
Matter is anything that has mass and volume (takes up space.)

3. What is a physical property?
A physical property is something that can be observed or measured without changing the matter’s identity.
Some physical properties of matter include: mass, weight, volume, density, color, and odor.

4. What is mass? What is volume?
Mass is the amount of matter in an object.
Volume is the amount of space a object takes up.

5. Weight is the pull of gravity on the mass of an object.
What is weight?
Weight is the pull of gravity on the mass of an object.

6. What is density?
Density is the amount of mass in a given space or volume.
D= M/V
What has more density: a pound of feathers or a pound of lead? or

7. Why do liquids of different densities form layers?
The densest layer
is also the
heaviest…it settles
on the bottom.
Other layers appear
in the order of
most dense to
least dense.
Molasses

8. What are the three main states of matter?
A state is a physical form.
Matter is commonly either a solid, a liquid or a gas, the three common states of matter.

9. Solids have definite shape and volume.
What is a solid?
Solids have definite shape and volume.
Two types of solids are:
Amorphous:
its particles are not arranged in a pattern.
Crystalline:
its particles have an orderly repeating pattern

10. Amorphous
form
Solids

11. Crystalline form
Solids

12. What is a liquid? State of matter that changes shape but not volume.
Liquids take the shape of their container.

13. What is the container
in these photos of a liquid?
Water

14. State of matter that changes both shape and volume.
What is a gas?  
State of matter that changes both shape and volume.
Particles spread
out as far as
container will
allow.

15. Gas nebulas

16. What is plasma? Plasma is superheated gas
Plasma can create electrical and magnetic fields.

17. Sun with solar flares (plasma)

18. Solar flares (plasma)

19. Changes in Physical Properties

20. How does one state of matter become another?
Matter changes state because of changes in temperature and pressure

23. Ways Matter Changes State:
Melting
Melting is the change from a solid to a liquid state
Takes place at the melting point
Particles move faster
Endothermic reaction

24. Ways Matter Changes State:
Freezing
Freezing is the change from a liquid to a solid state
Takes place at the freezing point
Particles slow down
Energy removed
Exothermic reaction

25. Ways Matter Changes State
Evaporation
Evaporation is
the change from
liquid to gas
Evaporation happens at the surface of a liquid
*not the same as boiling, which
occurs all through the liquid

26. Ways Matter Changes State
Boiling
Boiling is the change
from liquid to gas
Boiling takes place throughout the liquid
Occurs when the vapor pressure equals the atmospheric pressure
boiling and melting points are the same for any substance
Changes with elevation

27. Ways Matter Changes State
Condensation
Condensation occurs
when a gas changes state to a liquid
The condensation point is the temperature and pressure that the gas changes to a liquid.
Same temperature as boiling point
Condensation is the reverse of evaporation

28. Ways Matter Changes State
Sublimation
Sublimation is the change from solid directly to gas
Endothermic reaction where energy is gained as it changes state
Examples: dry ice and snow packs can sublimate without going through the liquid state

29. Changes in Chemical Properties

30. What is a chemical property?
A chemical property is any characteristic that gives a substance the ability to undergo a change that results in a new substance.
Example: A match
burns and becomes ash.

31. What is a chemical property?
Chemical properties describe what chemical changes can occur
Flammability: the ability to combust or burn
Reactivity: the ability to combine with other substances

32. What is a chemical change?
When substances change into new substances that have different properties.

33. Examples of chemical changes
Sour milk

34. Rocket engines

35. Rust

36. Other Examples of Chemical Changes
Include the:
combustion (burning) of wood, metabolism of food in the body, mixing an acid and a base such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), cooking an egg, digesting sugar with the amylase in saliva, mixing baking soda and vinegar to produce carbon dioxide gas, baking a cake, electroplating a metal or using a chemical battery!

37. How do you know if a chemical change has occurred?
Signs of a chemical change:
1. Change in odor
2. Heat is released or cooling occurs
3. Sound or light
4. Color
5. Fizzing and foaming

38. Mixtures and Compounds

39. What is a mixture?
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined
Examples:
Cowboy pizza (pepperoni, sausage and Canadian bacon)
Chorizo Omelette
Peanut Butter Sandwich

40. How do you separate a mixture?
Distillation
Separates based on different boiling points
Evaporation
Removal of water
Filtration
Screening out larger particles
Physical Methods
Pick out the different substances

41. What is a compound?
A compound is a pure substance made up of two or more elements that have been chemically combined

42. What is the difference between Mixtures and Compounds?
Elements combine chemically
Elements become new substance with different properties
Elements cannot be separated
Mixtures:
elements mixed, not chemically combined
Elements keep their individual properties
Elements can be separated

43. A solution is a mixture that appears to be a single substance
What is a solution?  
A solution is a mixture that appears to be a single substance
Particles are evenly distributed among each other
Solutions may be liquids, gasses

44. What is an atom? An atom is the smallest particle
into which an element can
be divided and still be the
same substance.
Atoms are composed of even smaller particles

45. Parts of the Atom: Protons are in the nucleus (center) of the atom.
Protons have a positive charge
Proton have much of the mass in an
atom

46. Parts of the Atom: Neutrons are also in the nucleus of the atom.
Neutrons have no charge
Neutrons are also about as massive
as protons

47. Parts of the Atom: Electrons are outside the nucleus of the atom are.
Electrons have a negative charge
Electrons have
very small mass,
only about
1/1800 of a
proton.

48. What are the properties of elements?
Elements are made up of a single type of atom.
Their properties include:
Density, or mass/volume
Melting Point, the temperature of a solid changes to liquid
Conductivity, the ability to carry electrons.
Hardness, or how resistant to scratching a substance is
Color, determined by what wavelengths of light are absorbed

49. How are elements classified?
Metals:
Found to the left
of the zig zag line on periodic table
Most elements are metals
Most are solid at room temperature
Have few electrons in outer levels

50. How are elements classified?
Nonmetals:
Found to the right of zig zag line
Many are gasses at room temperature
Have nearly
complete set of
electrons in
outer levels.

51. How are elements classified?
Metalloids:
Found on
border of the
zigzag line on the periodic table
Have about half the electrons in outer levels.
Have some properties of both metals and nonmetals

53. The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
What is a mass number?
The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

54. What is atomic mass?
Some elements occur with different numbers of neutrons and have different masses
The atomic mass is the average weighted mass of all naturally-occurring isotopes of an element.

55. What is an isotope?
An isotope is a form of an element that has a different number of neutrons than protons
Isotopes are
often
unstable and
radioactive.

56. How are elements arranged?
Elements are arranged in groups in the Periodic Table
Periodic table elements repeat in a pattern of every 7 elements
Pattern was observed by Mendeleev, who developed the periodic table

57. How is the Periodic Table arranged?
Periods
Periods are horizontal rows on the periodic table.
Physical and chemical properties repeat in a pattern Slowly change as you move across the row.

58. How is the Periodic Table arranged?
Groups
Columns on the periodic table are called groups.
Elements in the same group same number of electrons in their outer shells
They have like properties

59. How is the Periodic Table arranged?
Families
Families are groups
Families have similar properties and are grouped together in columns on the periodic table
Examples:
Alkali metals
Alkaline-earth metals
Transition metals
boron group and carbon group
Noble gases

61. How do different elements combine to form substances?
Bonding
Bonding holds two
atoms together
Chemical bonds are
formed when atoms
electrons
are shared, gained
or lost

62. How do different elements combine to form substances?
Valence electrons
Electrons in the outermost energy level
Only electrons used in chemical bonding
Come in sets of 8

63. How do different elements combine to form substances?
Ions
Atoms that have lost
or gained an electron
are ions.
Metals are likely to
loose electrons and
become positively-charged ions
Non-metals are likely to bond with metals

64. What is an ionic bond?  
Ionic bonds hold compounds together with the force of attraction between positive and negative charges
The number of electrons lost by a positive ion equals the number of electrons gained by the negative ion

65. What is an ionic bond?

66. What is a covalent bond?
Covalent bonds form when atoms in a compound share one or more electrons.
Covalent bonds result in low melting and boiling points.
Molecules created from covalent bonds are often brittle as solids.

67. What is a covalent bond?