1. Periods in the History of Muslim Spain 641-929Early Period 929-1031Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba 1031-1090Ta’ifa Period c. 1090-1140Almoravid Empire c. 1140-1275Almohad Caliphate 1275-1492Nasrid Kingdom of Granada

2. Timeline 642 Muslims complete conquest of Egypt. 711 Muslims attack Spain. 716 Visigoths beaten back into north-east Spain. 732/33 Charles Martel defeats Muslims at Tours/Poitiers. Word List Berbers Visigoths Charles Martel

3. Timeline 750 ‘Abd al-Rahman flees to North Africa. 756-88 Reign of ‘Abd al-Rahman at Cordoba. 912-61 Reign of ‘Abd al-Rahman III. 929 ‘Abd al-Rahman III takes title of caliph. 932 ‘Abd al-Rahman III consolidates hold on Spain. Word List al-Andalus (Muslim Spain)

4. Timeline 961-76 Reign of al-Hakam II. 1031 Collapse of Umayyad caliphate of Cordoba. 1085 Christians take Toledo. Word List Hisham Ibn Abi ‘Amir ‘Abd al-Rahman ta’ifa (part, pl. tawa’if)

5. Timeline 1085 Al-Mu‘tamid of Seville appeals to Almoravids. 1086 Almoravids invade Spain, defeat Christians. 1110 Almoravids complete conquest of al-Andalus. 1140s Revolts against Almoravid rule. Word List al-murabitun (those who gather together/ Almoravids) Marrakush

6. Timeline 1121-30 Reign of Ibn Tumart over Almohads. 1147 Almohads complete conquest of N. Africa from Almoravids, begin conquest of al-Andalus. 1212 Almohads crushed by Christians at Las Navas de Tolosa. Word List al-muwahhidun (those who insist on the oneness of God/ Almohads) mahdi (awaited spiritual leader)

7. Timeline 1228 Foundation of Nasrid kingdom of Granada. 1479 Unification of Aragon and Castile. 1492 Christians take Granada, expel Muslims and Jews from Spain. Word List Granada Nasrids Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Ahmad ibn Nasr Marinids reconquista Ferdinand V and Isabella(reconquest)

8. Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet The Great Mosque at Cordoba, Umayyad Period. AD 785 -987. Exterior view. Restored view. (F) The Great Mosque at Cordoba, Umayyad Period. AD 785 -987. Floor plan and extension of La Mezquita. (F) The Great Mosque at Cordoba, Umayyad Period. AD 785 -987. Exterior view. Courtyard of the Orange Tree, view toward cathedral rising above the mosque. (F) The Great Mosque at Cordoba, Umayyad Period. AD 785 -987. Exterior view. Belfry (replacing the minaret), begun 1593 by Heman Ruiz the Younger, completed in 1664 by Gaspar de la Pena. (F)

9. Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet The Great Mosque at Cordoba, Umayyad Period. AD 785 -987. Exterior view. View from the south across Quadalquivir River, Moorish bridge. (F) The Great Mosque at Cordoba, Umayyad Period. AD 785 -987. Exterior view of facades and doorways. (F) The Great Mosque at Cordoba, Umayyad Period. AD 785 -987. Exterior view. Façade. (F) The Great Mosque at Cordoba, Umayyad Period. AD 785 -987. View of the first mosque. Abd al-Rahman, 786-788. (F) The Great Mosque at Cordoba, Umayyad Period. AD 785 -987. Larger overall view of the interior courtyard. (F)

10. Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet The Great Mosque at Cordoba, Umayyad Period. AD 785 -987. Interior of the sanctuary (view from east). (F) The Great Mosque at Cordoba, Umayyad Period. AD 785 -987. Interior of the Mosque with some of the 36 piers and 514 columns. (F) The Great Mosque at Cordoba, Umayyad Period. AD 785 -987. Maqsura, 961-5. (F) The Great Mosque at Cordoba, Umayyad Period. AD 785 -987. The Mihrab. 11th c. Gold and glass mosaic on marble. (F) The Great Mosque at Cordoba, Umayyad Period. AD 785 -987. Dome over Maqsura, 961-5. (F)

11. Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet The Great Mosque at Cordoba, Umayyad Period. AD 785 -987. Textures: finely textured courtyard paving with dense surface of pebbles combined with rectangular planters. (F) The Great Mosque at Cordoba, Umayyad Period. AD 785 -987. Textures: finely textured courtyard paving of black and white pebbles. (F) Madinat al-Zahra: Palace. Outside Cordoba. 912-976. Aerial view. (F) Madinat al-Zahra: Palace. Outside Cordoba. 912-976. General view. (F) Madinat al-Zahra: Palace. Outside Cordoba. 912-976. View of ruins. (F) Madinat al-Zahra: Palace. Outside Cordoba. 912-976. Hall of the Ambassadors. (F)

12. Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet Madinat al-Zahra: Palace. Outside Cordoba. 912-976. Skylights in the Hall of the Ambassadors. (F) Madinat al-Zahra: Palace. Outside Cordoba. 912-976. Mihrab in the Hall of the Ambassadors. (F) Madinat al-Zahra: Palace. Outside Cordoba. 912-976. Hall of the Ambassadors. Stucco: Tree of Life. (F) Madinat al-Zahra: Palace. Outside Cordoba. 912-976. Wooden jewellery box. (F) Madinat al-Zahra: Palace. Outside Cordoba. 912-976. Silver casket for Hisham, 976. 27 x 38 x 24cm. (F)

13. Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet Madinat al-Zahra: Palace. Outside Cordoba. 912-976. Burnished gold jewellery. (F) Qarawiyyin Mosque. Fez, Morocco. Started in 857, completed in 12th c., but construction until 1613. Plan. (F) Qarawiyyin Mosque. Fez, Morocco. Started in 857, completed in 12th c., but construction until 1613. Aerial view. (F) Qarawiyyin Mosque. Fez, Morocco. Started in 857, completed in 12th c., but construction until 1613. Ablutions court. (F) Qarawiyyin Mosque. Fez, Morocco. Started in 857, completed in 12th c., but construction until 1613. Interior prayer hall. (F)

14. Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet Kutubiyya Mosque, Marrakush. 1062. Exterior view. (F) Kutubiyya Mosque, Marrakush. 1062. Minaret. (F) Kutubiyya Mosque, Marrakush. 1062. Interior view. (F) Qur’an. Maghribi, probably from Spain. 12th c. (F - 3 slides) Minaret of Mosque of Hasan. Unfinished mosque built by al-Mansur. Rabat, Morocco. 1199. (F) Las Navas de Tolosa banner. Morocco or Spain. Early 13th c. Silk, gold thread and gilt parchment. (F) General view of Sevilla. (F)

15. Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet Sevilla - monastery gate. (F) Sevilla - the Alcazar, 1360-64 (yellow building is a later European addition). (F) Sevilla - interior of Alcazar, showing arches. (F) Sevilla - interior of Alcazar, showing greenspace. (F) Interior view of Alcazar, Sevilla. Detail of stucco work. (F) Interior view of Alcazar, Sevilla. Detail of ceilings and arches. (F) Interior view of Alcazar, Sevilla. The throne room. (F) Interior view of Alcazar, Sevilla. Dome of the throne room. (F)

16. Alhambra Palace, Granada (Spain). 14th c. Panoramic view. (F) Alhambra Palace, Granada (Spain). 14th c. Plan. (F) Alhambra Palace, Granada (Spain). 14th c. Palace of the Lions Cutaway Map. (Jon Trout (trans.), The Alhambra in Focus (Spain: Edilux s.l., 2006), p. 98.) Alhambra Palace, Granada (Spain). 14th c. Fountain in the Court of the Lions in 19th century and 2006 (John Chidley (trans.), The Alhambra and Generalife (Spain: Editorial Comares, n.d.), pp. 66-67; and photo by NC (right).) Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet

17. Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet Alhambra Palace, Granada (Spain). 14th c. Court of the Lions. (F) Alhambra Palace, Granada (Spain). 14th c. Court of the Lions, overall view. (F) Alhambra Palace, Granada (Spain). 14th c. Court of the Lions. Interior detail of lavish surface ornament. (F) Alhambra Palace, Granada (Spain). 14th c. Court of the Lions. Detail of stalactite decorations. (F) Alhambra Palace, Granada (Spain). 14th c. Hall of the Abencerrajes. (A) Fountain in the Hall of the Abencerrajes. (Photo by NC, (right).)

18. Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet Alhambra Palace, Granada (Spain). 14th c. Ceiling in the Hall of the Abencerrajes. (Photo by Amila Blazevic (right).) Alhambra Palace, Granada (Spain). 14th c. Hall of the Abencerrajes. Ceiling. (Jon Trout (trans.), The Alhambra in Focus, pp. 112-13.) Alhambra Palace, Granada (Spain). 14th c. Outside view of the ceiling of the Hall of the Abencerrajes. (Photo by NC (right).)

19. Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet Alhambra Palace, Granada (Spain). 14th c. Hall of the Kings. Ceiling. (Jon Trout (trans.), The Alhambra in Focus, p. 116.) Alhambra Palace, Granada (Spain). 14th c. Detail of arch in the Hall of the Kings. (Photo by NC (right).) Alhambra Palace, Granada (Spain). 14th c. Ceiling paintings in the Hall of the Kings. (Jon Trout (trans.), The Alhambra in Focus, p. 117.) Alhambra Palace, Granada (Spain). 14th c. Hall of the Two Sisters. (F)

20. Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet Alhambra Palace, Granada (Spain). 14th c. Paving slabs in the Hall of the Two Sisters. (Photo by NC (below right).) Alhambra Palace, Granada (Spain). 14th c. Inscriptions in the Hall of the Two Sisters. (Photo by NC (below).)

21. Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet Alhambra Palace, Granada (Spain). 14th c. Hall of the Two Sisters. Ceiling. (F) Alhambra Palace, Granada (Spain). 14th c. Hall of the Two Sisters. Ceiling. (Jon Trout (trans.), The Alhambra in Focus), pp. 120-21.) Alhambra Palace, Granada (Spain). 14th c. Inscription in the Hall of the Ambassadors. “Say little and leave in peace.” (Photo by NC (right).)