1. Revision Sheet Brazil Revision Sheet Brazil CAUSES of resource extraction in tropical rainfrests Logging. Cattle ranching. Road building. Mining. How to describe a graph / map  Give the general trend (e.g. increased / decreased  Comment on details (e.g. increasing slowly/quickly).  Identify any anomalies (if applicable). Quote data / evidence from the graph / map – using the correct units. EFFECTS of resource extraction in tropical rainforests. Peru (natural gas pipeline): Habitats destroyed. Soil erosion. Rivers silting up. Decline in fish numbers. Malnutrition (only ¼ Nanti tribe live to be teenagers). Brazil – iron ore and gold mining Deforestation. Soil erosion. 90% fish contaminated with mercury. Increase in cancer rates. Brazil – logging: Local tribes in the rainforest conflict with newcomers trying to extract resources for profit. MANAGING the effects of resource extraction in tropical rainforests. Local people have taken oil companies to court. Texaco have agreed to pay $40m to cover its share for clean up of waste pits. The money received can be used to clean up the environment of the Amazon Rainforest and reduce soil/water pollution. Such a high-profile court case will also prevent other big companies acting in a similar way and will protect the environment further. Ecotourism – many areas of the country have developed facilities such as zip wiring trails. Tourism provides jobs and therefore brings in lots of money to the rainforest environment. If tourism is being developed people will be less likely to deforest the area as they will want to maintain the income from tourism. This will protect the biodiversity of the rainforest. Since 2008, government has not issued any permits to mine gold or diamonds. No permits means no mines are being opened/run. This means that access roads will not be needed and so will reduce deforestation and protect the biodiversity of the rainforest. This will also reduce air, water and soil pollution. RAPID URBAN GROWTH IN LICS: CAUSES Natural increase: Young migrants of child-bearing age, lack of contraception, better medical facilities (lower infant morality and higher life expectancy). Rural-urban migration: Lack of jobs in rural areas, perceived better quality of life, higher wages in urban areas. RAPID URBAN GROWTH IN LICS: EFFECTS BENEFITSPROBLEMS -Large pool of workers in Rio de Janeiro (willing to do low-paid jobs) e.g. collect ing and recycling waste. -Economy grows faster due to people spending more = expansion of manufacturing and retail sectors. Noise pollution: Millions of vehicles, loud speakers, nightclubs WHO says levels are above acceptable levels. Air pollution: Predicted that ½ million residents will develop serious health problems resulting in premature death. Land pollution: Vast amounts of solid waste produced each day but not all collected = spread of disease. Water pollution: Industrial waste discharged untreated into rivers. Fishing and tourist industries damaged. Housing problems: Shortage of housing = significant proportion of population live in shanty settlements (e.g. ‘Rochina’). These areas are associated with high crime rates and often have no electricity, clean water supply or drainage systems.

2. Revision Sheet Population Change Revision Sheet Population Change Factors leading to an area being DENSELY populatedFactors leading to an area being SPARSELY populated Flat land. Low altitude. Job opportunities. Natural resources (e.g. coal). Mountainous. High altitude. Extreme climate. Few resources. How to describe a graph  Give the general trend (e.g. increased / decreased  Comment on details (e.g. increasing slowly/quickly).  Identify any anomalies (if applicable). Quote data (numbers) from the graph – using the correct units. Population distribution in the UKPopulation distribution in China Densely populated in the SE (London), NW (Liverpool – Manchester) and the NE (Middlesbrough – Newcastle). Sparsely populated in central Wales, East Anglia and Scottish Highlands. Densely populated in the east / south east, along the coast. Very sparsely populated in the west / north west. Factors leading to areas being densely populated. Coal mining. Ports. Flat land. Industry (e.g. textiles in Manchester). Factors leading to areas being sparsely populated. Mountains. High altitude (thin soils). East Anglia important for agriculture. Factors leading to areas being densely populated. Flat land in the east. High precipitation in the east. Ports along the coast (=jobs). Factors leading to areas being sparsely populated. Mountains. High altitude (poor spoils). Climate – deserts. What causes birth and death rates to change? (Demographic Transition Model) Medical – In HICs new treatments are constantly being invented to combat diseases so people are living longer. Economic – It is now very costly to bring up a child in a country like the UK so couples in HICs are increasingly not having children / as many children as they do not want to change their lifestyle. Social – Educating women provides them with information on ways to control fertility. Also, many are spending more time in education and this means many women are more focused on careers and less satisfied with staying at home. Political – Some countries such as China and India have attempted to decrease birth rates through the introduction of family planning programmes. Other countries that are worried about an ageing population such as France and Singapore are giving incentives to increase the birth rate. Impacts of a YOUTHFUL population Benefits Plenty of people in the workforce bringing money into the economy. Less strain on NHS (in the UK) and healthcare provision. Less dependence on nursing homes – could lead to better quality care. Problems Increase in crime rates (more associated with younger population). Young children dependant on parents – parents unable to work. More competition for jobs (higher unemployment) due to more people of working age in population. Impacts of an AGEING population Benefits Boom in leisure facilities for older people (e.g. Leisure centres )Wisdom can be passed on to younger generations. Some jobs created through ‘greying economy’ (e.g. Saga holidays). Less Crime. Problems Strain on NHS (in UK) and healthcare budgets/staffing/facilities. Children‘s wards in hospitals, and schools may close. Fewer people of working age, meaning not enough people to fill jobs. Impacts of an ageing population in JAPAN Benefits Japan’s pensioners are spending rapidly (a ‘grey boom’). They are less anxious about the future and are spending on a range of luxury goods. Social attitudes have changed becoming less concerned about leaving money for their children and all of this spending boosts the economy. There has been a technological explosion – there are an array of gadgets for people worried about elderly relatives that enable people to check up and ensure they are well. Problems Workforce – Businesses already face difficulties in finding new recruits and the labour force in the 15- 24 bracket has shrunk rapidly. In 1990, there were six people of working age for each pensioner, by 2025 it is projected it will be only two people of working age. Pensions –In 2005 retirement age rose to 65, higher pension contributions from the employees, employers and the government. Healthcare - 93% of people over 60 live at home, this is changing with more people living in nursing homes. In 2008, a new health insurance scheme was launched for over 75s that saw incentives for hospitals to limit patient stays to less than 100 days, nicknamed the ‘hurry up and die’ scheme! REDUCING birth rates = China Incentives: one- child glory certificate’ : Cash bonuses /Longer maternity leave if you wait till 25 to get married/ Free education/ Free medical care /Better child care Disincentives: Heavy fines (Between $370 and $12,800)/ ‘Granny police’ – monitored use of contraception. / Women were pressurised into abortions./ Forced sterilisation INCREASING birth rates = Singapore Incentives: Cash Gift ($3,000) for 1 st and 2 nd child/ cash gift ($6,000) for 3 rd and 4 th child/ 3 months maternity leave for mothers/ 5 days of paid child care leave a year/ with more children parents are entitled to upgrade to a bigger flat. Disincentives: Couples with 1 child or no children can only buy a 3 room flat/ Women with fewer than 3 children are not allowed to be sterilised without undergoing a counselling course.