1. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 Medal Racing for Umpires under Sailing Instruction Addendum Q (Please use in Slide Show mode) Version: March 2014

2. Medal Racing for Umpires Index to Sections - click button to go directly to:  Umpiring principles  The Rules under Addendum Q  Protest procedures  Penalties  Positioning  Rules for Windsurfers (Boards)  The Quiz

3. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 Attention! This presentation is not a substitute for careful reading of SI Addendum Q Make sure you have the correct version! 3

4. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 As instant ‘Jury’  Decisions in response to valid Part 2, RRS 31 and 42 protests.  Initiate penalties for breaches of RRS 31 and 42.  Specific umpire-initiated penalty decisions.  Prompt confirmation to Race Committee of any outstanding issues at finish of race. The Role of the Umpires 4

5. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 Equipment: Flags green & white, red, black Whistle Radio Wet notes Voice recorder Documents: SI, including Addendum Q Race information sheet Rule book Food & Water Before Racing 5

6. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 Based on umpiring in match or team racing. More information in the manuals. Driver adopts the boat being followed. The other umpire adopts other boats – signals and displays any flags. If one umpire states a position (‘Penalty to XXX’) The other umpire responds: I agree I do not agree I did not see If you see an incident, but no protest – say ‘Incident closed’. After that a protest flag is too late. Communications between Umpires 6

7. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 Protests for breaches of rule 14 are handled after the race. [Q2.4] The protest must be notified to the race committee before flag B is removed. If an incident results in contact, check for damage and attempt to assess any damage as soon as possible – this may be after the race. There is no possibility of redress [Q1.2(e)], but a boat may be penalised (DSQ) for breaking rule 14. Umpires will not normally initiate rule 14 protests, unless the damaged boat is unable to do so. Damage 7

8. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 Communication – out of the umpire boat  Keep it short, keep it simple  Check radios with Umpire team and RC (CU)  If radio fails or even when it works: Arm raised = I have ‘something’ (the call, an issue) Crossing hands in front = no issues (at finish) Signalling  Clear signals and whistles  Eye contact if possible, for penalties  Tell the media - if possible - first opportunity Things to remember 8

9. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013  Arrange for media to listen on umpire channel.  Make a media call after any action that might be of interest.  Penalties, including 42, given by umpires.  Media calls about green-and-white flags should only be given on special occasions. Maybe one that affects a medal?  If any protests after the race – ‘results subject to protest’. Media Calls 9

10. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013  On the umpire channel call: “Media, media, media! Stand by for a media call”  Pause 3-5 seconds and call again: “Media, media, media! We have just penalised “boat”. Short description of incident.  Avoid using rule numbers. Media Call procedure 10

11. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 The rules in the Medal Race are the normal Racing Rules of Sailing, but but with some important changes 11

12. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 RRS 42 - Appendix P is changed  Same penalty as for any other rule - One Turn  Independent of previous penalty history  Oscar/Romeo for Finn/470  Class rules for Finn/470/49er/RS:X  Only P5 (O and R flags) from Appendix P RRS 42 12

13. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 Add to definition: taking a penalty is not A boat taking a penalty, or maneuvering to take a penalty is not sailing a Proper course! Definition “Proper Course” - Q1.1(a) 13

14. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 In addition to the hails in RRS 20: ‘Room to tack’ - repeatedly and clearly pointing to windward. ‘You tack’ repeatedly and clearly pointing at the other boat waving the arm to windward. NOT for BOARDS! Room to tack at an obstruction - Q1.1(b) 14

15. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 RRS 62.1(a), (b) and (d) are deleted. The only reason a boat may be granted redress is for giving help in compliance with RRS 1. (For boards RRS B5.62.1(e) also deleted.) Limitation on Redress - Q1.2(e) 15

16. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 racing ONLY While racing, a boat can protest another boat ONLY for the following: incidents  Part 2 – for incidents in which she was involved (but not for RRS 14).  RRS 31 - touching a mark.  RRS 42 – propulsion. Protest Procedures While Racing - Q2.1 16

17. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 17 One or more boats protest Decide who broke a rule (but no signal) One or more boats may take a voluntary penalty One-Turn Penalty After 5-10 seconds: if no boat has taken a penalty or indicated that it will take one – penalize as decided May also be done if a boat took a voluntary penalty (more later) How to Respond to a Protest

18. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 For rules not protestable while racing: To protest for any other breach, or request redress (see limitations on redress), a boat must hail the Race Committee before or during the (two minutes) display of flag B on the RC boat. Protest Procedures After Racing - Q2.4 18

19. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 BOATS P rotest by BOATS: Hail ‘Protest’ + (even for boats < 6m) BOARDS Protest for BOARDS: Hail ‘Protest’ - no flag Sometimes competitors (especially boards) raise an arm in addition to hailing ‘Protest’. This helps the umpires become aware of the protest, but is not required. How To Protest? - Q2.1 19

20. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 Any penalty (including for RRS 42) is a One-Turn-Penalty BOATS - a tack and a gybe (or vice versa) BOARDS - a 360° turn of the board, with no need for tack or gybe. RRS B4.44.2 Penalties While Racing - Q2.2 20

21. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 Umpire Signals - Q3.1 21 No Penalty Display Green and White Flag One sound signal with whistle Penalty Display Red Flag One sound signal with whistle Hail identity of boat Disqualified Display Black Flag One sound signal with whistle Hail identity of boat

22. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013  Touching a mark and not taking a penalty (unless compelled)  Gaining an advantage after taking a penalty  Breaking a rule deliberately  Committing a breach of sportsmanship  Failing to take a penalty correctly  Breaking RRS 42 Umpire Initiated Penalties - Q4.1 22

23. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 The umpires may impose more (2 nd or 3 rd ) penalties  If the breach is severe or repeated  If the breach is deliberate  If the boat commits a breach of sportsmanship  If the boat gains an advantage despite taking a penalty The umpires may display the Black flag to disqualify the boat. Normally give a second red before black. Umpire Initiated Penalties Q4.1 23

24. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 The umpires display a BLACK flag to disqualify a boat if: The umpires will display a BLACK flag to disqualify a boat if:  A boat rounds/passes a mark on the wrong side and then rounds the next mark or finishes. The umpires may display the Black flag to disqualify a boat if:  Breaches are severe or repeated  The breach is deliberate  The boat commits a breach of sportsmanship  The boat gains an advantage despite taking a penalty  The incident causes serious damage or injury Normally give a second red before black Black Flag Penalties Q4.1 & 4.2 24

25. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 promptly If a boat has broken a rule, she is obligated by the Basic Principle, Sportsmanship and the Rules, to take a penalty promptly. breaking this principle. Waiting for a signal when she knows she has broken a rule may be seen as breaking this principle. Additional penalty Red or Black flag Boat’s obligations - voluntary penalty 25

26. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 Which Boat to penalize? - Q2.2 26  If one boat protests and no boat takes a penalty, the umpires may penalize either boat.  If one boat protests and the protested boat takes a penalty, the incident is closed (even if the umpires would have penalized the protesting boat).  If both boats protest and one takes a penalty, the umpires may still penalize the other. (This does not include action under RRS 14)

27. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 Which Boat to penalize? - Q2.2 Multiple Boats If one boat protests and a boat that was not protested takes a penalty, the umpire may penalize any boat. (This does not include action under RRS 14) In this incident the umpires decide that:- Blue did not give enough room, Green did give enough room Yellow protests, Green takes a penalty. Umpires may penalize Blue. Yellow and Blue protest, Green takes a penalty. Umpires may penalize Blue. 27

28. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 When NOT to penalize  If a boat is compelled to break a rule as a result of another boat breaking a rule, the umpires exonerate her - RRS 64.1(c) - Q1.2(f)  If a protested boat takes a penalty, do not penalize any other boat - Q2.2  If umpires do not see an incident properly.  If a protest flag is not clearly displayed - no umpire sees it displayed - Q2.1.  If the umpires are reasonably close but do not hear ‘Protest’ (especially other words can be heard) - Q2.1.  If the umpires disagree. (Different from only one umpire seeing the incident). 28

29. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 Umpire Initiation - Q3.1(b) Incomplete Penalty Note: The second red flag is not a new penalty, only a reminder for the athlete that the penalty remains outstanding Red Umpire Flag 270° turn (no gybe or tack) Red Ump Flag [Q3.1(b)] Closed Penalty turn (tack & gybe) No action Red Ump Flag [Q3.1(b)] (see note) Penalty turn (tack & gybe) Closed Red Umpire Flag versus No Penalty Taken 29

30. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 Umpire Initiation - Q3.1(c) No Action Red Umpire Flag No action Red Flag [Q3.1(b)] Black Flag No action Penalty turn & Abuse Red Flag [Q3.1(b)] Penalty turn & Abuse Black Flag Red Umpire Flag Abuse [Q4.1(e)] Always advise the Chief Umpire about a Black Flag. The CU should advise the race committee as soon as possible. 30

31. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 Penalty Turn Begins: When the boat starts turning, after getting well clear. Ends: At completion of final tack or gybe. A penalty turn may be taken before the starting signal. Sometimes, especially in the pre-start while manoeuvring against another boat, it is possible for a boat to take a penalty ‘by accident’. 31

32. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 Penalty Turn If a boat taking a penalty does not keep clear of another boat, the umpires do not initiate a penalty, but the other boat may protest (RRS 22.2). If a boat briefly interrupts a penalty turn to keep clear of another boat:  if it was clear to the umpires that the boat taking a penalty did not get well clear, the umpires may display a red flag to tell the boat her penalty remains outstanding.  if it was clear the boat did sail well clear, but the unpredictable actions of another boat cause the delay to the penalty, the umpires should take no further action. 32

33. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 Some examples of penalties Yes …. No …. Maybe 33

34. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013  Yellow hails ‘Protest!’  No action from Blue  Penalise Blue – 1 turn  Penalise Blue – 2 nd turn [Q4.1(d)]  If Yellow disabled or injured, no redress, but Black Flag Blue (if certain) Blue should know she broke a rule What if no protest from Yellow?  If no damage or injury - No action  If damage or injury - Q5.5 allows a hearing and DSQ under RRS 14 (if no Black Flag) Yes - 2 penalties 34 Contact

35. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 Yes - 1 Penalty; Maybe – 2 Penalties  Blue takes room to which she is not entitled  Yellow hails ‘Protest!’.  No action from Blue  Penalise Blue – 1 turn  If, after the penalty Blue is in front of Yellow, penalise Blue with a 2 nd turn  If Blue should have known she was clear astern at the zone, then the breach is deliberate and Blue should be given a 2 nd penalty, even if she did not gain an advantage after the first penalty. 35

36. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 Maybe – 1 Penalty; Maybe – 2 Penalties 36 Does Yellow know she broke a rule? If Yellow takes a penalty, does she still gain? If it is clear, the umpires may assume that Yellow knows she broke the rule. Umpires should look at where Yellow would be if she did not break the rule versus where she is after taking a penalty.

37. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 Maybe – 1 Penalty; Maybe – 2 Penalties 37 Has Blue deliberately broken a rule [Q4.1(c)]? Yes, providing the breach was clear. Does it change anything whether or not Green protests? The umpires may penalise Blue, just for deliberately breaking a rule [Q4.1(d)], but they will not normally do so unless Green protests. A few seconds before the starting signal, Blue bears away on top of Green and is not OCS

38. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 Yes - 2 penalties A clearly touches the mark. No other boats involved  Obvious contact with mark  No possibility of being compelled  No penalty turn  Penalise - 1 turn [Q4.1(a)]  Penalise - 2 nd turn [Q4.1(d)] 38

39. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 Positioning Zone System  Better for RS:X & 49er above 15 knots wind speed  Ideally requires 4 umpire boats:  Top mark  Left, right, and gate / finish Fleet System  Better for slower fleets  Requires 3 umpire boats:  Left, middle, right  Front, middle, back  If able to have 4 th as on- the-water reserve and use at Mark 1 or to cover specific match races 39

40. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 Positioning Principles  Each umpire boat is responsible for 2 to 4 racing boats.  Do not rely on passing information to decide an incident - each umpire boat must ‘follow’ a group.  Be observant and flexible.  Minimize interference and wash.  Try to let media in.  Priorities 1.Medal positions 2.Match races 3.Race leaders 40

41. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 Positioning Principles – Don’ts  Don’t - Motor parallel to a boat on your quarter  Don’t - Stay close to another umpire boat  Don’t - Cause unnecessary wash  Don’t - Give a penalty if in the wrong position  Don’t – Get pushed out of the back  Don’t – Make life more difficult for the media than necessary 41

42. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 Fleet Positioning Pre-start and start RIGHT Be as far RIGHT as possible U3 position determines other umpires positions U3 moves to 2 nd U1 moves to 9 th U2 moves between 5 th & 6 th as boats line up to start 3 2 1 1 3 2 1 – 34 – 67 – 10 42

43. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 Fleet Positioning 1st Upwind rightmost U1 covers the 2-4 rightmost boats middle U2 covers the middle leftmost U3 covers the 2-4 leftmost boats 3 2 1 43

44. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 Approaching to windward mark U3, goes above the mark first to watch the first group (2-4 boats) rounding. starboard U1, goes above the starboard layline, and arrives to judge the second group around. U2, follows the leeward of boats on port tack (unless detached) and judges the last group. This needs observation and flexibility. 1 3 n 2 Fleet Positioning 44

45. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 Each boat follows its group down the run. U3 - first group, U1 - second group, U2 - third group. If groups split, umpires reorganise into either front, middle back or left, middle right. Don’t lose the front group. Look for new pressure points. Anticipate and plan ahead. 3 n 1 2 Fleet Positioning 45 Leaving the windward mark and downwind

46. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 Approaching the gate Each umpire boat observes its own group through the gate. May go through the gate with them or remain outside. Try to have at least one umpire boat on each mark (unless all race boats round one gate mark). Race boats may switch group approaching the gate. Follow your group away from the gate. 1 3 2 Fleet Positioning 46

47. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 Fleet Positioning 2nd Upwind Reorganise as boats split groups to avoid crossing the course as much as possible. Try to keep one umpire with the leaders, but this umpire may change if boats cross the course. Umpires adopt the positions of 1, 2 and 3 (as 1 st windward mark) by their approaching position - and NOT because of their original number. 47

48. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 2nd Downwind and Finish As 1 st downwind - re groups. Do not get behind the whole fleet!! At the finish, one umpire boat should be either side of the fleet, especially for RRS 42! 1 3 2 Finish Fleet Positioning 48

49. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 With 4 umpire boats Umpire 4 remains above the windward mark - goes before the start if necessary. Will probably need to call other umpires to impose any penalty. Other 3 umpires go as far up the windward leg as they feel possible, in same pattern as with 3 umpires, without losing the option to get back to the gate in time. They retain the principle of picking up a group to observe them through the gate. Umpire 4 leaves windward mark for last downwind leg to finish. Fleet Positioning 49

50. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 50 Last gate & Slalom marks Windsurfing (Boards) Positioning Finish Umpire 1 - Slalom marks S1 & S3 Umpire 2 - Between Gate and S1 Umpire 3 - Slalom mark S2 (give enough room!) Umpire 4 - Finishing line Gate S2 S1 S3 4321

51. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 50 No Zone RRS 18 applies between boards when at least one of them is ‘about to round or pass the mark’. Boards are ‘about to round or pass the mark’ when their proper course is to begin the rounding manouevre. Look at the legs! When they transfer body weight to a foot to ‘carve’, this is normally when they are about to round. This may be many boat lengths from the mark, or really close, depending on the wind and the mark. Rule 18 no longer applies when the boat entitled to mark-room has passed the mark. Windsurfing (Boards)

52. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 50 RRS 17 deleted - On the same tack; Proper Course No luffing restrictions! (Except RRS 16) RRS 18.3 deleted - Tacking at Windard Mark No special rules for a boat approaching on port tack. RRS 18.4 changed - Proper course at a mark. Applies when the inside boat needs to gybe or bear away. Windsurfing (Boards)

53. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 50 No RRS 31 Touching a Mark may touch Board may touch the mark... hold... and may even hold on to it! Windsurfing (Boards)

54. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 To check and test your understanding Some questions to answer... 50

55. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 1 55 Boats must wait until the starting signal to take a penalty. True or False? FALSE Definitions: Racing & Addendum Q1.2(a)

56. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 2 56 Boards are not permitted to slow down by dropping their sail in the water when approaching to start. True or False? TRUE RRS Appendix B2 rule 24.3. There is a whole appendix dealing with board sailing - it’s worth reading!

57. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 3 57 Boards can get redress if their finishing positions are made significantly worse (through no fault of her own) by a board that broke a rule of Part 2 and caused the other board to capsize. True or False? FALSE Addendum Q1.2(d) deletes RRS B5 in its entirety, therefore, in this respect, racing under Add Q is the same for boards and boats.

58. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 4 58 A boat begins taking a penalty when she passes head to wind or gybes. True or False? FALSE A boat begins taking a penalty when she is clearly turning to take a penalty. (See Information to Competitors)

59. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 5 59 A protested boat may always wait for an umpire decision before taking a penalty. True or False? FALSE The ‘Basic Principle’, ‘Sportsmanship and the Rules’ requires a boat that knows she has broken a rule to take a penalty. Q4.1(d) allows the umpires to give a penalty for deliberately breaking a rule. A boat not complying with this should receive a penalty for the original breach + a second penalty for breaking RRS 2.

60. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 6 60 Boats use a red flag to request redress from OCS decisions. True or False? FALSE Red flags are not required to request redress. The only rule under which a boat may be given redress is RRS 62.1(c) [RRS 1]. Q1.2 deletes other grounds for redress. A boat that does seek redress, other than for 62.1(c), should first have the rule explained to them. If they insist on a hearing, the protest committee can decide that redress is not permissible.

61. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 7 61 A boat can protest if it sees another boat touch a mark. True or False? TRUE Q2.1. While racing, a boat may protest another boat under RRS 31 However umpires may only penalise the boat if they see the contact with the mark.

62. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 8 62 If the umpires see slight contact between boats they can give a penalty without one of the boats protesting. True or False? FALSE Q4.1 limits umpire initiated penalties, and Q5.5 limits any action by the protest committee unless there is damage or injury.

63. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 9 63 A boat can protest if it sees contact between two other boats 50 meters ahead of her. True or False? FALSE Q2.1 A boat has to be involved in the incident to protest.

64. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 10 64 A boat must keep the red flag flying until either a boat takes a penalty or the umpire gives a decision. True or False? FALSE Q2.1 A boat only has to ‘conspicuously display’ it, and must remove it before, or a.s.a.p. after a boat takes a penalty voluntarily or the umpires signal a decision.

65. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 11 65 The race committee can protest a boat for touching the starting mark. True or False? FALSE Q5.4 The RC can only protest based on a report from an equipment inspector under RRS 43.1(c) or 78.3. This includes sailing the course. If a boat fails to sail the course the umpires should penalise her with a Black flag when she rounds the next mark or finishes.Q4.2(b).

66. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 12 66 FALSE Q2.4 (b) & Q5.5 Only contact that caused damage or injury can be protested under RRS 14 by a boat (informing RC) or the protest committee. A keep-clear boat can be protested for a breach of RRS 14 even if the contact did not cause damage or injury. True or False?

67. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 13 67 A boats hail for room to tack is not valid without the appropriate arm signals. True or False? TRUE Q1.1(b) When the umpires are certain that no arm signals have been made RRS 20 does not apply.

68. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 14 68 A boat may not base a request for redress from an umpire action. True or False? TRUE Q1.2 (e) Redress of any kind is only possible if the boat is giving help in compliance with RRS 1.1. Technically, a boat can always ask for redress, but Q1.2(e) prevent is from being given. So, if a boat insists on a hearing, it is best to organize one promptly. This is one hearing that it may be ‘safe’ to conduct afloat.

69. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 15 69 If a boat hits a mark during a Part 2 incident with a right-of-way boat she must make two turns to exonerate herself. True or False? FALSE Q1.2 (a) only changes the first sentence of RRS 44.1 RRS 44.1 (a) still applies – when a boat may have broken a rule of Part 2 and RRS 31 in the same incident, she need not take the penalty for breaking rule 31.

70. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 16 70 The Umpires must signal a response to all red-flag protests. True or False? FALSE Q2.2 Only if no boat takes a penalty ;-)

71. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 17 71 If, after an incident where both boats protest each other, a boat responds by taking a penalty, the umpires can penalise the other boat if she was in the wrong. True or False? TRUE Q2.2 There is no umpire action required if a protested boat takes a penalty. However, if the umpires agree that another protested boat was in the wrong, they should penalise her.

72. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 18 72 If a boat taking a penalty is not well clear of other boats while taking the penalty, the umpires should penalise her. True or False? It Depends!!! RRS 44 obliges a boat to get well clear of other boats before taking a penalty. Well clear in medal racing can be closer than in fleet racing. If another boat has to avoid her during a penalty, it is a Part 2 issue (RRS 22.2) and requires a red-flag protest before the umpires can take action. If the boat taking the penalty has to temporarily curtail her turn to keep clear of a boat that has acted unpredictably, then she should not be penalised.

73. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 19 73 A boat may only inform the race committee of a non red-flag protest or request redress while flag B is displayed on the race committee boat. True or False? FALSE Q2.4 You can inform the Race committee boat before or while flag B is displayed.

74. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 20 74 An inside boat that touches a mark may only be exonerated if she protests the outside boat. True or False? FALSE Q1.2 (f) Umpires may exonerate a boat if she is compelled to break a rule, irrespective of any protest from her.

75. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 21 75 A boat breaks RRS 42 and you give her a penalty. She takes a one-turn penalty and continues racing. You should give her another penalty. True or False? FALSE Q4.1(b) now includes RRS 42 penalties as one-turn penalties, just as a breach of a RRS of Part 2 or RRS 31 Also, the number of previous penalties in the event is not relevant.

76. Medal Racing for Umpires 02-08-2013 Good Luck  76