1. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
CHAPTER 9

2. Industrialism Begins Industrialism
New economic system
Rely on machinery rather than animal and human power
Before industrialism most people lived in small farming villages
Began urbanization
Began in the “textile” industry
Woven cloth

3. Section I: The Beginnings of Industrialization
Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain
Begins in the mid 1700s
New Ways of Working
The IR greatly increases out-put of machine made goods
The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way
Enclosures – large farm fields enclosed by fences
Wealthy landowners buy & enclose land once owned by village farmers
Enclosures allow experimentation with new agricultural methods

4. The Beginnings of Industrialization
Rotating Crops
Crop rotation – switching crops each year to avoid soil depletion
Selective Breeding – Livestock breeders allow only the best to breed, improve the food supply

5. Selective Breeding

7. Why did the IR begin in Britain?
Britain had all of the factors of production
Land, labor, and capital
Britain had the necessary natural resources
Coal, iron, rivers, harbors
Expanding economy encouraged development

8. Inventions Spur Industrialization
Changes in the Textile Industry
Flying Shuttle (1733)
John Kay
Doubled the work a weaver could do in a day

9. Inventions Spur Industrialization (cont)
Spinning Jenny (1764)
James Hargreaves
One spinner could work eight thread at a time

10. Inventions Spur Industrialization (cont)
Water Frame (1769)
Richard Arkwright
Machines could now be powered by water, not just hand

11. Inventions Spur Industrialization (cont)
Power Loom (1787)
Edmund Cartwright
Sped up the weaving process

12. Inventions Spur Industrialization
Changes in the Textile Industry (cont)
Cotton Gin (1793)
Eli Whitney
Multiplied the amount of cotton produced
Development of Factories
Buildings that contain machinery for manufacturing
First factories needed to be near rivers for water power

13. The Cotton Gin and Eli Whitney

14. The First Factories

15. Improvements in Transportation
Steam Engine
Need for cheap, convenient power
Steam becomes important source of energy
James Watt improves the steam engine
Water Transportation
First steamboat “Clermont”
Robert Fulton in 1807
Road Transportation
British roads are improved
Companies operate toll roads
Beginning of the railroad

16. James Watt
and the Steam Engine

17. Robert Fulton and the Clermont

18. The Railway Age Begins Railroad Revolutionize Life The Railroad System
Spurs industrial growth
Creates jobs
Provides cheaper transportation
Boosts many industries
Causes people move to cities

19. The Railway Age Begins First Railroad Line
George Stephenson (1825)
Liverpool-Manchester Line (1829)
Used Stephenson’s “Rocket”
World’s best locomotive

20. II. Industrialization Industrialization Changes Life
Factory Work
Pays more than farms
Spurs the demand for more expensive goods
Rise of Industrial Cities
Urbanization – movement of people to city
Population growth provides work force, markets for goods
Major cities: London, Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham

25. The Working Class Living Conditions Rapid Urbanization caused:
Cities without adequate housing, education, and police protection
Urban slums
Disease and sickness spread quickly
Life span is only 17 years
Lack of sanitary & building codes

27. The Working Class Working Conditions Average workday – 14-16 hours
6 days a week, year round
Dirty, poorly lit factories
Numerous injuries and death
No health insurance
No labor laws
Eventually replaced by machines
Huge population means large unemployment

29. The Rise of the Middle Class
Factories helped to create a new group of people – the middle class
Skilled workers, merchants, rich farmers, managers, and professionals
Had a comfortable standard of living
Looked down upon by aristocrats and landowners

30. Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Immediate Benefits
Creates jobs
Enriches nation
Encourages technological progress
Education expands
Cheaper goods, including clothing
Long Term Effects
Improved standard of living
Improved working conditions
Increase in taxes lead to urban improvements

31. III. Industrialization Spreads
The Rise of Corporations
Stock
Limited ownership rights for company
Sold to raise money
Corporation
Company owned by stockholders
Share profits not debts
Large corporations attempt to control as much business as they can

32. The Impact of Industrialization
Rise of Global Inequality
Wealth gap between nations widens
Europe & US gain economic power
Non-industrialized nations fall further behind
African and Asian countries lag
Still based on agriculture
Imperialism spreads
Need for raw materials and new markets
European nations & US exploit colonies for resources
Transformation of Society
The Middle Class gains influence and power
Begins calls for reform

33. IV. Philosophers of Industrialization
Laissez-faire Economics
Policy of not interfering with business
“The Wealth of Nations”
Published by Adam Smith
Defended free markets & laissez-faire
Economic liberty guarantees economic progress
Economic natural laws
Self-interest
Competition
Supply and Demand

34. The Economists of Capitalism
System of privately owned businesses seeking profits
Malthus and Ricardo
Thomas Malthus
Believed populations grew faster than the food supply
Wars, epidemics kill off extra people or misery and poverty result
David Ricardo
Saw a permanent poor underclass that provided cheap labor

35. Malthus
Ricardo

36. Utilitarianism and Utopia
Judge things by their usefulness (Bentham)
Regulation to help workers and spread wealth (JS Mill)
Utopian Society
Established by Robert Owen
Community that improved worker conditions and provided cheap housing
Located in New Harmony, Indiana

38. The Rise of Socialism Socialism Power of the Government
Factors of production owned by, operated for the people
Power of the Government
Government control can end
Poverty
Bring equality

39. Radical Socialism – Karl Marx
The Communist Manifesto
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Fundamental Beliefs
Society divided into warring classes
The “haves” vs. the “have-nots”
The “haves”
Employers or bourgeoisie
The “have-nots”
The workers or proletariat
Prediction
The workers will overthrow the owners

41. The Future According to Marx
Capitalism will destroy itself
Inequality would cause workers to revolt
This would lead to communism
Society where people own and share the means of production
What are the “means of production”?
Land, mines, factories, railroads and businesses

42. Labor Unions and Reform Laws
What is a union?
Association formed by laborers to work for change
What do they do?
Negotiate for better wages and conditions
Who were the first to do this?
Skilled workers are the first to unionize
How were they able to do this?
Movement in US and UK to fight to right to unionize

44. Labor Unions and Reform Laws
Laws were passed to stop abuses of industrialization
Examples of reform laws
Maximum workday
Ending or limiting of child labor

45. The Reform Movement Spreads
Abolition of Slavery
Reformers help to end slavery
In British Empire (1833)
The Americas (1888)
Fight for Women’s Rights
Pursuit of economic and social rights as early as 1848
Founding of the International Council for Women (1888)

46. Other Reforms Free public education Prison reform also sought
Established in Europe by late 1800s
Established in US by 1850s
Prison reform also sought
Focus on rehabilitation

47. Nineteenth Century Progress
Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier
Thomas Edison
Granted over 1,000 patents from his research
Including the light bulb

48. Nineteenth Century Progress
Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier (cont)
Alexander Graham Bell
Invented the telephone (1876)

49. Nineteenth Century Progress
Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier
Guglielmo Marconi
Invented the radio (1895)

50. Nineteenth Century Progress
Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier
Karl Benz
Invented the automobile in 1885
Henry Ford
Lowers the cost of the automobile using the assembly line

51. Nineteenth Century Progress
Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier
The Wright Brothers
Develop the first working airplane

52. Nineteenth Century Progress
New Ideas in Medicine
Medical research leads to
Development of vaccines
Improvement in sanitation
Louis Pasteur
Discovered the bacteria cause disease
Joseph Lister
Links bacteria to surgical problems
Begins the sterilization process of tools

53. Nineteenth Century Progress
New Ideas in Science
Beginning of numerous branches:
Archeology
study of society through material remains
Sociology
study of people and societies
Anthropology
study of the origin, the behavior, and development of humans
Psychology
study of human or animal mental functions and behaviors

54. Nineteenth Century Progress
New Ideas in Science
Charles Darwin
Theory of Evolution
Gradually over time species evolve
Gregor Mendel
Discovers patterns to inherited traits
Begins the science of genetics

55. Nineteenth Century Progress
New Ideas in Science (cont)
John Dalton
Theorizes that all matter is made of atoms
Dmitri Mendeleev
Creates Periodic Table of the Elements
Marie and Pierre Curie
Discover radioactivity
Marie becomes the first woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize (Science)

56. Nineteenth Century Progress
New Ideas in Science (cont)
Ivan Pavlov
Human actions are unconscious reactions
Sigmund Freud
Studied the unconscious mind

57. Ivan Pavlov

58. Nineteenth Century Progress
Development of Mass Culture
1800s saw the creation of
Movie Theaters
Professional Sports
Boxing
Baseball

59. THE
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