1. Examination Issues in Natural Products Brenda Brumback SPE Art Unit 1654

2. GreeceMiddle East Herbals Around the World China India

3. Europe In the beginning of the 18 th century, Swedish Botonist Carl Linnaeus developed the Latin Botanical Classification system:  Kingdom  Phylum  Class  Order  Family  Genus  Species

4. United States Native Americans passed along medicinal knowledge of indigenous plants to the early American settlers.

5. Herbal Medicines in U.S. Patents 424/725-779: Plant material or plant extract of undetermined constitution as active ingredient (e.g., herbal remedy, herbal extract, powder, oil, etc.). 514/783: Plant extract or plant material of undetermined constitution.

6. Prosecution of Plant Extract (Herbal) Applications Restriction: A Markush group of plant extracts recited in a claim should be limited to extracts derived from plants of the same botanical family or genus. Claims that alternatively recite a large number of extracts derived from plants that have little in common are likely to be subject to a restriction requirement.

7. Idiomatic Language  “Ginmei” (golden stripes on green-culm or stalk)  “Invigorates Qi”  “Expels heat from heart”

8. Claim Language The correct botanical name (Latin Botanical) is written in italics with the genus name capitalized, and the species name all in lower case.

9. Botanical Nomenclature Harpagophytum procumbens, also known as devil’s claw, grapple plant, or wood spider. Larrea divaricata, also known as chaparral, creosote bush, greasewood, stinkweed. Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem and also known as margosa, nim, nimba.

10. Products of Nature are not Patentable under 35 U.S.C. 101 A composition comprising phytochemical X:

11. An Enabling Disclosure It is important to sufficiently describe how to make and use the claimed extract or material. The part/parts of the plant used The plant name/names The type/types of solvent used Extraction temperature and pH Material used fresh or dried and/or chopped or powdered Separation/fractionation/recovery/isolation steps

12. The particular part of the plant from which the extract is obtained is often essential. Roots/rhizome/bulb: asparagus, beet, garlic, ginseng, Narcissus, Polygonatum Leaves: aloe, Barosma, Betula, Camellia, Cassia, Ginkgo, Prunus laurocerasus Bark: Canella, poplar, Prunus serotina, Quercus robur Flower: Artemisia, Arum, Prunus spinosa Fruit: Barberry, Vaccinium, Sorbus, Pyrus, Rhamnus

13. Drafting Claims to a Plant Extract Product-By-Process Claims Herbal extracts are prepared with: Water Polar solvents Non-polar solvents Acids Bases

14. Examples of preferred claim language An alcoholic extract of Narcissus bulb. An aqueous extract of a Palma fruit. A hot water extract obtained from the dried leaves of Nepeta cataria. An extract from chopped fresh roots of Harpagophytum procumbens, whereby the extract is obtained using a non- polar solvent.

15. Anticipation under 35 U.S.C. 102 Webster’s dictionary defines ‘extract’ as follows: 1 a : to draw forth (as by research) b : to pull or take out forcibly c : to obtain by much effort from someone unwilling 2 : to withdraw (as a juice or fraction) by physical or chemical process; also : to treat with a solvent so as to remove a soluble substance 3 : to separate (a metal) from an ore 4 : to determine (a mathematical root) by calculation 5 : to select (excerpts) and copy out or cite.

16. Plant Extracts are Ubiquitous  An extract of Coffea arabica: Coffee  An extract of Camillia sinensis: Tea  An extract of broccoli: Soup  An extract of orange: Orange juice

17. Obviousness under 35 U.S.C. 103 As set forth in In re Kerkhoven, 626 F.2d 846, 850, 205 U.S.P.Q. 1069 (CCPA 1980), “It is prima facie obvious to combine two compositions each of which is taught by the prior art to be useful for the same purpose, in order to form a third composition which is to be used for the very same purpose...the idea of combining them flows logically from their having been individually taught in the prior art”.

18. Searching the Prior Art Arbre aux quarante ecus (forty coin tree) eun-haeng (fossil tree) ginan icho ityo kew tree maidenhair tree pei-wen Pterophyllus salisburiensis Nelson Salisburia adiantifolia Smith Salisburia macrophylla C. Koch temple balm tempeltrae yin guo yinhsing olium ginkgo Ginkgo folium... gin-nan ginkgoblatter ginkgo balm Ginkgo biloba

19. Useful Databases for Searching Herbals  Chinese Traditional Medicine  PROMT on STN  NAPRALERT on STN