1. Derived Nouns and Adjectives Prerequisite for ALL GCL Intermediate and Advanced Arabic Courses Prepared by CTI2 Doris Espelien

2. Why do I need to know this?  Many words in Arabic are descended from verbal roots.  Understanding the patterns can expand your vocabulary without having to resort to those pesky little vocab drill cards.

3. What will I learn in this lesson?  Nouns of Place and Time  Nouns of Instance  Nouns of Intensity and Profession  Nouns of Instruments, Vehicles or Vessels  Relative Adjectives (Nisba)  Nouns of Concepts (Feminine Nisba)

4. First, a few ground rules…  Arabic does not have as many classifications for grammar as English does. Thus, most words can be broken into three categories: Verbs, Nouns and Particles.  These items can be easily identified by their Arabic names: افعال اسماء حروف  Just because something is labeled “noun” does not mean it will always behave as a noun. It can also behave verbally or adjectively. Just keep these ideas in the back of your head as you progress through the presentation.

5. Nouns of Place and Time اسماء المكان والزمان  These nouns indicate the place or time of the action of their root verb: قعد مقعد To sit A place of sitting (chair) استشفى مستشفى To seek a cure A place of seeking a cure (hospital) طلع مطلع To riseA time of rising, start سبّق مسبّق To precedePreceding, previous

6. Forming the Noun of Place and Time:  Measure I has three common patterns for this noun:  مَفْعَلٌمَقْعَدٌ  مَفْعِلٌمَجْلِسٌ  مَفْعَلَةٌمَدْرَسَةٌ  Measures II – X follow the same pattern as the passive participle (covered in class), which means you will have to use common sense in your translation: “Does this word mean ‘a place to seek treatment’ or ‘treatment was sought’?”  The pattern is as simple as starting with a “Moo”, adding the verb in its current measure (less any alifs at the beginning), and putting a fatha over Radical 2 (the 2 nd letter of the root).   استشفىمُسْتَشْفَى

7. Application! Convert the verb root to a common noun of place and time!  صنع  ركب  ركز  استقبل مَصْنَعٌ factory مَرْكَبٌ vessel مَرْكَزٌcenter مُسْتَقْبَلٌ future

8. More Application!  اختبر (مُفْتَعَلٌ)  صرف (مَفْعِلٌ)  دخن (مَفْعَلَةٌ)  خرج (مَخْرَجٌ) مَدْخَنَةٌchimney مَخْرَجٌexit مَصْرِفٌ bank مُخْتَبَرٌlaboratory

9. Nouns of Instance اسماء المرة  These nouns indicate one instance of the action being done.  ضرب ضربة A hit to hit These nouns are very simple to form: Take the verb as it is found in Measure I and add a ة on the end. These nouns are very simple to form: Take the verb as it is found in Measure I and add a ة on the end. لكم to hit/punch جلس to sit لَكْمَةٌ a hit/punch جَلْسَةٌ a session

10. Nouns of Intensity and Profession اسماء المبالغة  These nouns, which also sometimes function as adjectives, indicate that something is done very well or is done as a profession.  VerbActive participleNoun of Intensity  To doDoerEffective (done very well)  فَعَلَفَاعِلٌفَعَّالٌ  طَبَخَطَابِخٌطَبَّاخٌ  To cookcook/cookingchef  The other most common pattern is فَعِيلٌ :  طَبَّطَبِيبٌ For other, less common patterns, see A Student Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic by Eckehard Schulz, pg. 74.

11. Application: carry these verbs through the progression of meaning from verb to active participle to noun of intensity.  خَبَزَ  To bake  قَنَصَ  To shoot  جَمَلَ  To be pretty  خَبَرَ  To know well خَابِزٌ s.o. who bakes قَانِصٌShooterجَمِيلٌPrettyخَبِيرٌ Expert (s.o. who knows a lot) خَبَّازٌbakerقَنَّاصٌsniper

12. Nouns of Instruments, Vehicles and Vessels (Device) اسماء الآلة والوعاء  The feminine form of the اسم مبالغة often denotes the device used for performing that action:  To dive = professional diver = submarine  غَوَّاصة = غَوَّاص = غاص (غوص)  To wash = launderer (profession) = washing machine  غَسَّالة = غَسَّال = غَسَلَ  There are several other common patterns, available in the Schulz book, pg. 77-79. However, using the above pattern usually indicates that the device being used is the largest and most powerful: Look up جرف and notice the difference between جرّافة, which comes from the noun of intensity, and مجرفة, which does not. * Some common patterns include the active participle, مِفْعَلٌ, مِفْعَالٌ, مِفْعَلَةٌ,فِعَالٌ

13. Application!  If فتح means to open, the مِفتاحٌ most likely means:  If قدح means to strike fire (with a flint), قدّاحة most likely means:  If كنس means to sweep, مكنسة most likely means: key lighter broom

14. The Relative Adjective النسبة  One of the easiest and most common ways to form an adjective is to add a يّ or يّة to the end of a noun. (Make sure the adjective agrees with the noun it modifies in gender!)  بغداد بغداديّ \ بغداديّة  If a noun ends in ة, drop the ة and add the appropriate ending:  جامعةجامعيّ \ جامعيّة  If a noun ends in ا, drop the ا and add the appropriate ending:  امريكاامريكيّ \ امريكيّة  If a noun takes ال, but the noun it modifies does not, drop the ال and add the appropriate ending:  القاهرةرجل قاهريّاللهجة القاهريّة

15. Nouns of Concept النسبة المؤنّثة  The noun of concept looks EXACTLY like the feminine form of the relative adjective, which is why it is known as the feminine nisba.  You must be careful when you look at a word to determine if you are looking at a noun or an adjective, and this will aid your translation.  A noun of concept is an abstract noun, which in English usually ends in –ism, -ence, -ance, -ness, -ty and –cy  الرأسماليةCapitalism  أهميّةImportance

16. Determine whether the following are nouns of concept or relative adjectives:  الاشتراكيّة نظريّة سياسيّة.  Socialism is a political theory.  العبوديّة كانت سائدة في روما أيام الإمبراطوريّة الرومانيّة.  Slavery was prevalent in Rome during the days of the Roman Empire. N.O.C. R.A. N.O.C. R.A.

17. Bibliography  All the Arabic You Never Learned the First Time Around by Jim Price  A Student Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic by Eckehard Schulz by Eckehard Schulz

18. Please proceed to the assessment. Don’t forget to print your certificate! Don’t forget to print your certificate! * All students will be expected to demonstrate applied knowledge on the first day of all MSA and Arabic dialect courses. Last updated: Dec. 2007