1. Student Name Student ID
Financial Crisis
Student Name Student ID
Fong Kwok Ki
Cheng Tsz Hong

2. Financial Crisis2007-2010 1.Background
2.Causes why the financial crisis would occur
3.Consequences of the financial crisis
4.How the government reacts

3. Background
The global financial crisis of 2008 is the worst of its kind since the Great Depression
Began with failures of large financial institutions in the United States
Rapidly evolved into a global crisis resulting in a number of bank failures

4. What is financial Crisis?
The term financial crisis is applied broadly to a variety of situations
1 Banking panics and recessions
2 Speculative bubbles and crashes
3 Currency crisis
4 Sovereign defaults

5. Causes 1. Easy credit conditions
Lower interest rates encourage borrowing
Banks borrowing to finance investments
potential returns from investments↑ overleveraged  creates a higher risk of bankruptcy
created demand for various types of financial assets
raising the prices of those assets
bubbles burst  financial crisis

6. Sub-prime lending refers to the credit quality of particular borrowers
weakened credit histories and a greater risk of loan default than prime borrowers
Higher demand and price of house  real estate pricing bubbles financial crisis
Subprime mortgage payment delinquency rates increased rapidly to 25% by early 2008
losses of banks are so much greater than the loans

7. 2.Asset-liability mismatch
A situation in which the risks associated with an institution's debts and assets are not appropriately aligned
The mismatch between the banks' short-term liabilities and its long-term assets one of the reasons bank runs occur or go bankrupt.
E.g. Bear Stearns failed in 2008
unable to renew the short-term debt it used to finance long-term investments in mortgage securities.

8. 3. Deregulation
Insufficient regulation to guard against excessive risk-taking in the financial system
E.g. the deregulation of credit default swaps
Regulators allowed depository banks such as Citigroup to move significant amounts of assets and liabilities off-balance sheet into complex legal entities (structured investment vehicles)
For masking the weakness of the capital base of the firm or degree of leverage or risk taken
 weakened in parts of the financial system.

9. 4. Fraud
Companies have attracted depositors with misleading claims about their investment strategies
Embezzled the resulting income
Caused large losses at financial institutions
Contributing to the financial crisis

10. Consequences of financial crisis(2007)

11. 1. Investors have suffered losses
Stock price ↓
Wealth ↓
Consumption, investment ↓
Contractionary effect on economy
Wealth will further decrease

12. 2. Reducing export of developing countries
GDP of developed countries ↓(e.g. US)
Purchasing power ↓
Import ↓
Exporting countries will suffer (e.g. China)
GDP of exporting countries drop further
Economic situation worsen

13. 3. Global Contagion Global Economic shock European bank failure
Investors lost confidence
Various stock indexes ↓
Market value of equities and commodities ↓
Badly affect the stability of the financial system

14. Dow Jones Industrial Average

15. 4. Company shutting down Company is hard to borrow money
Turnover is likely to drop
Drop in allowance ,wages or even dismissed
Unemployment ↑
Income of people ↓
Investment , consumption ↓
Business volume dropped further

16. How the government react ?

17. 1. Reduce the interest rate
Interest rate = opportunity cost of investing and consuming
Interest rate ↓
More people are willing to borrow money
opportunity cost of investing and consuming ↓
Consumption , investment ↑
Expansionary effect on economy

18. 2. Reduce the discount rate
Commercial banks borrow money ↑
Reserve of banks ↑
Source of capital for company ↑
Investment tends to increase

19. 3. Increase the government expenditure on infrastructure
Provide job opportunities
Unemployment ↓
Income ↑
Consumption ↑
Improving the economic environment

20. 4. Reducing tax rate & Increasing Transfer payment
Disposable income ↑
Stimulate consumption & investment
Improve the economic environment

21. 5.Establish fund for the company to borrow money
Stable source of capital
Borrow money easily
The underfinanced problem can be resolved
Not needed to close down
Reduce the pressure on unemployment

22. THE END