1. The Spinal Column & SI Joint
3d model –
Bottom part, move sacrum a little
The Spinal Column & SI Joint
By: Camilla Brooks
Human Biology Period 2
March 23, 2015

2. SacroIliac joint Functional Classification Amphiarthrotic
Structural Classification
Symphysis joint
Between sacrum and ilium
Amphiarthrotic
Slightly moveable
stronger than freely movable joints
Symphysis
bones separated by fibrocartilage

3. Interosseous sacroiliac ligament
Location
Deep to posterior ligament
Looks like
Short, strong fibers connecting tuberosities of sacrum & ilium
Function
Keeps sacrum and ilium together

4. Posterior sacroiliac Ligament
Location
Connects Posterior Superior Iliac Spine & lateral crest with third and fourth segments of sacrum
Looks Like
Series of flat bands running horizontal and vertical
Function
Stabilizes sacroiliac joint
Limits anterior rotation/displacement of pelvic girdle
connects the PSIS with the lateral crest of the third and fourth segments of the sacrum and is very stong and tough. Nutation, which is anterior motion of the sacrum, slackens the ligament, and counternutation, which is posterior motion will make the ligament taut.  It can be palpated directly below the PSIS and can often be a source of pain.
This is a series of flat ligamentous bands that cover the posterior aspect of the interosseous ligament. These bands pass from the intermediate and lateral crests of the sacrum's first through fourth segments to the posterior superior iliac spine and the iliac crest's internal lip. The lateralmost ligamentous bands blend with the sacrotuberous ligament.
Function
Stabilize the sacroiliac joint and limit anterior rotation and displacement of the pelvic girdle.

5. Anterior longitudinal ligament
Location
Attached to upper and lower edges of each vertebral body
Looks Like
Thick, strong ligament
Function
Limits extension of the spine
Prevents backward and forward movement of the vertebral bodies relative to each other
The anterior longitudinal ligament is thick and strong. It’s attached to the upper and lower edges of each vertebral body. It limits extension of the spine. In extension, the tightness of the anterior longitudinal ligament helps to prevent backward and forward movement of the vertebral bodies relative to each other.

6. Posterior longitudinal ligament
Location
Runs along the back of the vertebral bodies
Looks Like
Narrow – where it overlies each body
Wider – gradual widening out as it covers the back of each disk
Function
Limits flexion of the vertebral column
The posterior longitudinal ligament runs along the back of the vertebral bodies. To see it we’ll divide the pedicles along this line again, and look at the bodies by themselves.
Here’s the posterior longitudinal ligament. It’s narrow where it overlies each body, and it widens out to cover the back of each disk. The posterior longitudinal ligament helps in a small way to limit flexion of the vertebral column.

7. Ligamentum flavum Location Front of laminae
Runs between the lamina from the axis to the sacrum
Looks Like
Thick yellowish fibro-elastic tissue
Function
Connects laminae
Serve as covering over the spinal cord
The ligamentum flavum lies on the front of the laminae. To see it, we’ll cut though the pedicles of all the vertebrae, along this line, and look at the laminae from the inside.
Here’s the ligamentum flavum. It goes from one lamina to the next all the way down the spine. Here, where it’s been cut through we can see how thick it is. The ligamentum flavum is made of yellowish fibro-elastic tissue, hence its name, which means yellow ligament.
One of a series of bands of elastic tissue that runs between the lamina from the axis to the sacrum, the ligamentum flavum connects the laminae and fuses with the facet joint capsules. These bands serve as a covering over the spinal canal.
Ligamentum flavum literally means "yellow ligament," and is so known because it has a yellow coloring due to the amount of elastin (a springy type of collagen). The elastin pulls the ligament out of the canal when the spine is extended. As we age, the ligament loses elastin, and this allows the ligament to encroach on the canal.

8. Interspinous ligament
Location
Run from lower edge of one spinous process to the upper edge of the next one
Looks Like
Thick and broad
Function
Limits flexion of the vertebral column
Starting at the back, we’ll look at the ligaments which hold the spinous processes together, the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments; 
First, the interspinous ligaments - here they are. They run from the lower edge of one spinous process to the upper edge of the next one. Now we’ll add the supra-spinous ligament to the picture.
Thin, somewhat transparent ligamentous sheets that connect successive spinous processes from their roots to their apices. Their ventral surface meets the ligamentum flavum and their dorsal margin blends into the supraspinous ligament. They are small and inconspicuous in the cervical region, often being considered part of the nuchal ligament. In the thorax they long and slender and in the lumbar region they are thick and broad.
Function
Limit flexion of the vertebral column.

9. Supraspinas ligament Location Merged with Interspinous ligaments
Connects the tips of the spinous processes
Spans from 7th cervical vertebra to the sacrum
Looks Like
Long, thick ligamentus cord
Deepest fibers adjoin Interspinous ligament and connect vertebrae
Function
Limits flexion of the vertebral column
The supra-spinous ligament merges with the interspinous ligaments. It runs the whole length of the vertebral column, connecting the tips of the spinous processes. The supraspinous ligament serves as a midline attachment for some important muscles, as we’ll see later. These ligaments help to limit flexion of the spine.
This is a long, thick ligamentous cord that spans from the seventh cervical vertebra to the sacrum. The ligamentous fibers vary from superficial to deep in the band. The deepest fiber of the ligament adjoin the interspinous ligament and connect successive vertebrae, while increasingly more superficial fibers span from two to four vertebral levels.
Function
Limits flexion of the vertebral column.

10. Ligamentum nuchae Location
Cranially - extends from occipital protuberance to posterior border of foramen magnum
Caudally – extends from occipital protuberance to 7th cervical spinus process
Looks Like
Thick supraspinus ligaments
Function
Limits flexion of head & neck
Provides attachment surface for dorsal muscles of the neck
a sagittal ligamentous band at the back of the neck, formed of thickened supraspinous ligaments; it extends from the external occipitalprotuberance to the posterior border of the foramen magnum cranially and to the seventh cervical spinous process caudally.

11. whiplash
What
When neck is suddenly/violently jolted in 1 direction, then another
Sprain or strain of neck
Facet Capsules - torn
Why
Car accidents
Falls
Sporting Injuries
Symptoms
Pain/stiffness of neck
Headache at base of skull
Dissiness
Rehabilitation
Stay moving
Physical therapy
Chiropractic manipulation
Ice/Heat
WEBMD
The ligaments that support, protect and restrict the movement of vertebrae (facet vertebrae) are torn and jolte – become inflamed

12. Bulging disc/slipped disc
What
Tear in outer, fibrous ring of intervertebral disk
Allows central portions of vertebrae to bulge beyond
Why
Aging
Degenerate disc disease
General wear/tear
Rehabilitation
Pain meds
Physical Therapy
Corticosteroid injections
Surgury if extreme