1. Political Participation, Voting, Campaigns, and Various Kinds of Elections
Dr. East 2/2015

2. Voting is ….
Conventional political participation in a direct or indirect democracy … usually scheduled and planned with months of advanced notice
According to Constitution, governing the time, place, and manner of elections is a reserved power for the states… creating city and town governments is also a state power, thus elections are governed locally by states and cities/towns.
Protests, picketing, etc. are unconventional, citizen-lead, surprise activities

3. How can people participate in American politics?
Vote. BUT you must be on registration rolls
Volunteer for a political campaign, interest group (issue group), or cause.
Write letters to politicians or newspapers.
Create a blog or comment on other blogs.
Attend rallies that support a candidate or issue.
Give $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
Run for office.

5. Remember when people vote, they have to be on registration rolls at Precincts -- the place where you vote

6. On Election Day
People turnout to elect people for many different offices
Or on a few ballot measures such as citizen-lead initiatives or legislature-lead referendums
Talk about split ticketing and straight ticketing too here.

7. What Happened Last Nov? Ans. = Elections – Mid-Term General Elections
called mid-term because they occur in Nov. during the middle of a President’s term, so we were simply electing for state/local offices and congressional seats… not presidency
called a General election since it is not a primary election …those elect party candidates) … more on this later
Remember it was a Critical Election election where political parties could gain control of a branch or house of gov.)
Senate went from Democrat controlled to Republican controlled… leading to completely Divided Government since House was already Rep. controlled

8. When you can, VOTE! Pretty much the easiest thing a person can do.
What kind of message does a vote send?
Reality is that it is a VERY BLUNT TOOL that does NOT send a very clear message about what people think, ideas they really support, or issues they truly believe in.
Why?

9. Participation in Elections How does the US compare to others?

10. Virginia over the years
From

11. Barriers to Voting Causes of low voter turnout
Registration laws changes
Lack of attractive choices.
Changes in eligibility rules.
Alienation and apathy after the 1960s.
Lack of voter mobilization by political parties (weak parties).
Number of elections in America. TOO MANY to focus on.
No day off on election day!
Felony conviction if you are in a state that doesn’t allow felons to vote.
Felon Disenfranchisement:

12. Take with grain of salt, DNC figures.

14. How Voters Decide Which is the most important factor?
#) Party affiliation … if you are registered as a Republican, Democrat, Libertarian, you are most likely to vote for your parties list of candidates ….
Independents go their own way
Issues … like the “litmus test”, People ask themselves, is that politician for or against… abortion, new clean air law, higher teacher pay, etc. and vote for the guy/gal that believes like they do
Candidates, who are they, what parties are represented, character, Charisma, interest

15. A Campaign for the Presidency
1) A person has to determine if he or she should run for office.
What does a person consider when deciding if he or she should run for president?
Characteristics of nominees — who has a chance?
Exploring possibility so funds can be raised.
Announce candidacy.
Raise funds and go to Iowa, NH, & SC and other SWING STATES!
Then there comes the two phases of the campaign:
A) campaign for Party Nomination.
B) campaign for General Election.
A WIN the Electoral College Vote!

16. Nomination General Nomination
Democrats
Republicans
Republican Nominee
Winner and next President
All of the Democrats who will run for president.
All of the Republicans who will run for president.
Democratic Nominee

17. And to be a little more precise for 2012
Incumbent, office holding politician, against another guy…incumbent…always has better chances
Republicans
Republican Nominee
Winner and next President
All of the Democrats who will run for president.
All of the Republicans who will run for president.
Obama

18. Campaigning for Office: The Nomination Phase
Technically, what are candidates seeking the nomination really after?
DELEGATES! People that vote for nominee at a party convention
How do they get the delegates? Two Ways…
Caucuses or primaries in states
Caucus: group meeting of more active members of party … loud, noisy opinionated people
Iowa caucuses open only to registered members of party.
Fewer of these than primaries
Primary: open election for nominee
Closed primary: MD, DC…. Open to only members of a certain party, closed to other people
Open primary: VA… any registered voter can participate
“In the past, the winner of a state — or, in some cases, the top vote-getter in each congressional district — won all the delegates. But in 2012, most of the 30 states that hold contests before April 1 will award delegates proportionally. The ones that will come after will still be winner-takes-all.
That means a candidate could lose a number of states but still remain competitive in the race to gain the majority of the 2,427 delegates at stake.”
On GOP changes for 2012:

20. What, or who, are delegates?
People selected to choose nominee of party.
How many of these rascals are there?
Depends!
Democratic Party Convention Delegates
Total number of delegates: 4,339 Pledged: 3,537 Unpledged: 802 Some winner-take-all aspects, some proportional.
Republican Party Convention Delegates
Total Number of Delegates: 2,066 Pledged: 1,907 Unpledged: 159 More winner-take-all aspects.
LOTS of differences among the states.

21. Campaigning for Office The Nomination, cont.
Convention: candidate is formally nominated and platform established.
Four day commercial for candidate.
Still, convention is important.
Learn about candidate and party.
Signifies start of general election period.
Activates American public.
Party out of power in White House has its convention first.
The unofficial nominee is known well before the convention.

22. Campaigning for Office: The General Election
Technically, what are candidates seeking the Presidential Office really after?
ELECTORS IN THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE.
538 Electors (equal to number of all members of Congress, plus 3 for DC). Must win a majority to win presidency.
270
Most states are winner take all states (meaning the winner of the majority of popular votes is who the electoral votes go to), a few are proportional … meaning that the candidates get electoral votes similar to their percentage of the popular vote
Public pays more attention.
Media pays more attention.
Candidates target those states that can go either way, swing states. Florida, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Iowa, New Mexico, Colorado (VA, NC, IN in 2008).
& spend $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

23. Shifting Ideology

24. Swing States, I think this was 2004
Candidate Visits
Candidate Money

25. Swing States “Purple States”, 2012

26. You can see
Russia from here!!!
How it all shook down

27. Electoral College: When it defies the people.

28. It’s really a Purple World, 2012

29. 2012

30. What do you remember about voter turnout?
Why, why not?
What is apathy?
How can voter turnout be improved?
What is convenience voting? – election day voting
What is the motor voter law? Act that allows people to register to vote at time of getting driver’s license
Mail in ballots?
Internet ballots?
What else?
Can GOTV efforts and voter turnout of greater percentages of specific groups help get some specific people elected? Think!

31. Review: Type of elections
How are primaries and caucuses different?
Open primary?
Closed primary?
Primaries and Caucuses’ elect nominees for general election for all kinds of offices, not just Presidential office.
Some states try to front-load the election.
Who does this benefit?
Where is first caucus? _______________
Where is first primary? _______________
Which office’s election is not simply a popular vote election?

32. What is reapportionment?
Reapportionment affects Electoral College Votes and Congressional Elections
What is reapportionment?
process where the decennial census is used to reallocate the # of seats in the HOR every 10 years. Required by law in Constitution.
HOR – Congressional Representatives serve 2 year terms and HOR elections happen every even year (2006, 2008, etc.)
Their district boundaries change as a result of reapportionment and today most HOR-reps. Vote for 600,000 people each (1 of them to 600,000 of us)

33. Reapportionment Requires Redistricting
Re-drawing geographic boundary lines for congressional representation.
Often the process become a gerrymandered process
The drawing of boundaries in a way to produce a particular electoral outcome without regard to creating a realistic shape to the district
In the examples to the right, are these true cohesive regions?
See rules for redistricting and gerrymandering pg. 481
Redistricting is always a huge political fight!
Reapportionment Requires Redistricting

34. Other Randomness Riding the presidential coattails. What is this?
What is distinctive about a mid-term election?
What do you still NOT UNDERSTAND about elections and voting?
ASK ME NOW

35. The Campaign Process Nomination Phase General Election Phase
What do we know?
Which is longer?
In which do candidates express more extreme views?
Last time. What is a GOTV?

36. Remember, To Win… Candidates need … Volunteers for GOTV.
Money … Excellent, Legal, Campaign Finances
Paid staff
like who, what types of jobs?
Who can create good spin for their candidates?
Friends in the party (favors from party officials)
Good media coverage, staged events
Ways to create positive media exposure
Ways to attack with negative ads
Good showing in debates… basically these help the clueless left near election time. To really know a candidate… look at their platform and stump speeches.
Charisma
Perseverance and Luck.
Helps if they are an incumbent. What is this?
Remember, To Win…