1. Water Conservation in SMEs through Small and medium enterprise

2. Importance of Water in the Manufacturing Processes Water Use in Manufacturers as: Primary products: beverages, water related drinks, canning etc. Means to obtain products, washing process, cleaning operation, heat treatment, cooling operation etc.

3. Wastewater generated from manufacturing process High amounts of wastewater with low pollutant loads. Low amounts of wastewater with high pollutant loads..

4. Lack of water conservation policy in SMEs Water is considered cheap. Some washing process and cooling water do not need treated water. Without environmental regulations or weak enforcement

5. Wastewater Generated in the Selected Factories Amount Wastewater Canning Factories M 3 /dayM 3 /Ton RM Fruit Salad 8.934.72 Fruit Salad 864.35 Corn Cob 894.45 Lychee 823.73 Pineapple 1341 Corn Cob 2385.29

6. Wastewater Generated in the Selected Factories (Cont.) Amount Wastewater Fruit Preservation Factories M 3 /dayM 3 /Ton RM Preserved Fruit 33 51.47 Preserved Vegetables 834.37 Ginger 5507.43 Ginger 8002.15

7. Water Conservation Water conservation in large scale factories was normally taken into consideration during the planning and design stage. SMEs are neither equipped with new technology, nor properly planned during the design stage, water conservation seems to be a difficult task for them.

8. GP methodology for implementation in manufacturing organization. Getting started Planning Generation & Evaluation of options Implementation of Options Monitoring and Review Sustaining

9. Water consumption monitoring Water meters installation Direct measurement like stop watch and volumetric flask. Direct measurement in the tanks (containers) Spillages may be measured by using containers shaped like pans or other specific shapes. In some areas, weir notch could be a good method to measure wastewater flow instead of water used.

10. Level of monitoring there are 4 levels of monitoring in industries 1.Plant level this will show the overall input and overall output of the plant itself 2. Department level or process level in many SMEs,, we may need to dig deeper into areas, departments or processes to obtain information on water use. 3. Sub-department level that will need to go further in each process for clarification of water used. 4. Machine level In each process, some particular machines may have a greater and more significant water consumption than other machines.

11. 1. Plant Level Plant Input Output 2. Department Level Storage Process 1 Process 2 Offices 3. Sub-Process Level Washing Canning Sterilizing Storage 4. Machine Level Washing Machine 1 Machine 2 Tank 3 To Specific From General

12. Options for water conservation With proper information obtained from examining, options for water conservation could be identified. The following are few examples of options for water conservation.

13. Problems Identified Options Generated Water consumption 1 No recycle facility for cooling water 2 No recycle machine for can washing process 3 Too big water hose for floor cleaning 1 Build storage tank for recycle & floor cleaning 2 Install recycle can washing machine 3 Change hose size from big to smaller hose Examples of options for water conservation in food industry sector

14. Problems Identified Options Generated 4 No valve at the end of water hose 5 No jet floor cleaning 6 Pipe leakage 7 segregation of wastewater 4 Install valve at the end of water hose 5 Install spray gun for floor cleaning 6 Change pipe connection 7 Separate brine wastewater from normal waste Examples of options for water conservation in food industry sector (Cont)

15. Problems Identified Options Generated 8 Spillage of syrup 9 Hot wastewater discharge directly into sewage drain 10 Worker s had no awareness on good house keeping 8 Install syrup collection system 9 Use heat exchanger in recycling hot water 10 Training course required Examples of options for water conservation in food industry sector(Cont)

16. Case study of Food Industry Water conservation from food industry sector in northern Thailand is as shown in table. Significant amount of wastewater reduction could be obtained through implementation of recommendations.

17. Factory Before Implementation waste / unit RM. (m 3 /ton) After Implementation waste / unit RM. (m 3 /ton) 1.Lychee factory 1.1 Saving chemical through soaking process 1.2 Changing washing process 1.3 Maintenance of washing machinery 1.38 5.55 0.38 0.96 3.10 0.20 Wastewater reduction

18. Factory Before Implementation waste / unit RM. (m 3 /ton) After Implementation waste / unit RM. (m 3 /ton) 2. Pineapple factory Change whole process 2.451.01 Wastewater reduction ( Cont )

19. Factory Before Implementation waste / unit RM. (m 3 /ton) After Implementation waste / unit RM. (m 3 /ton) 3. Palm seed factory 3.1 Adding valve at the end of water hoses in soaking process 3.2 Training of good house keeping for workers in washing process 0.79 2.54 0.38 2.02 Wastewater reduction ( Cont )

20. In some cases, attempting in water conservation might give other benefit for factory. In a demonstration project of a ginger factory in Thailand, water monitoring in the factory is as shown in table

21. Water Use Amount (m 3 /day) Amount (L/tonRM) BOD (mg/l) SS (mg/l) 1.Fresh ginger washing water 2. Floor washing water in raw material area 3. Water in salting well 4. Wash water for QC test 360 100 13.4 14.4 4,702 1306 175.7 9,527 91 - 6,533 - Water use and its characteristics of each process.

22. Water Use Amount (m 3 /day) Amount (L/tonRM) BOD (mg/l) SS (mg/l) 5. Wash water of salted ginger 6. Wash water of salted well 7. Wash water during trimming 19.4 3.5 35.6 320 57.5 584 9,400 10,520 196 37,157 22,850 396 Water use and its characteristics of each process. ( Cont )

23. Major use of water was from fresh ginger washing and floor washing. (460 cubic meters per day) Other uses combined were about 80 cubic meters per day The main cause of using high wash water was that the raw ginger contain too high soil content. (12.11%) In the brainstorming, the suppliers should be instructed to reduce soil content in raw materials.

24. Production Information Before and After Implementation ItemYear 1999Year 2000 Change IncreaseReduce 1.Raw Ginger. (kg.) Ginger+Soil Soil Ginger for production 2.Products (Cases ) 3.Working days 4,232,107 480,213 ( 11.37 % ) 3,742,894 57,695 112 4,610,688 414,575 ( 8.95 % ) 4,196,133 81,836 117 65,638 (2.95%)

25. Production Information Before and After Implementation ( Cont ) ItemYear 1999Year 2000 Change IncreaseReduce 4.Groundwater use ( m 3 ) 5.Electricity ( kWh ) 5,524 131,581 4,439 121,287 1,084 (19.63%) 10,294 (7.82%)

26. Financial monitoring and evaluation was performed and shown in table. The total expenses before and after were 144.814 US$ and 163,786 US$ respectively. Compare to the products, expenses per case would be 2.51 US$ and 2.28 US$ respectively. The saving cost of 0.23 US$ per case was obtained in the year 2000. Compare to the number of production at 71,836 cases. The saving of expenses would be 16,522.28 US$.

27. Financial Monitoring and Evaluation ItemYear 1999 Year 2000 Change IncreaseReduce 1. Labor Cost (US$) 2. Groundwater (US$) 3. Electricity (US$) 126,945 458 7,061 151,937 368 7,045 90.06 (19.63%) 15.99 (0.23%)

28. Financial Monitoring and Evaluation ( Cont ) Item Year 1999 Year 2000 Change IncreaseReduce 4.Maintenances (US$) 5.Total expenses (US$) 6. Expenses per case (US$/Case) 9,965 144,814 2.51 4,438 163,786 2.28 5,526.54 (55.46%) 0.23

29. Expense for GP Implementation ItemExpenses (US$) 1. Greening the suppliers Awareness Program Incentive Program 2.Equipment Improvement Raw material washing Process 3.Training 151.71 2,788.10 676.25 585.82 633.44 Total4,835.32

30. Summary Water conservation could be obtained from GP implementation in SMEs. Water may be considered as cheap resources but without proper management it could turn to an expensive resources in the manufacturing process. With proper monitoring program, water could be effectively utilized and the SMEs would in turn obtaining benefits from GP implementation.