1. Water Conservation in SMEs through GP Dr. Suporn Koottatep Department of Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand E-mail: suporn@chiangmai.ac.thsuporn@chiangmai.ac.th

2. Importance of Water in the Manufacturing Processes Water Use in Manufacturers as: Primary products: beverages, water related drinks, canning etc. Means to obtain products, washing process, cleaning operation, heat treatment, cooling operation etc.

3. Wastewater generated from manufacturing process High amounts of wastewater with low pollutant loads. Low amounts of wastewater with high pollutant loads. High amounts and high pollutant load from their processes.

4. Lack of water conservation policy in SMEs Water is considered cheap. Some washing process and cooling water do not need treated water. Without environmental regulations or weak enforcement

5. Wastewater Generated in the Selected Factories Amount WastewaterTreatment Method Raw Materials Canning Factories M 3 /dayM 3 /Ton RM Fruit Salad 8.934.72AL1.89 Fruit Salad 864.35LT19.77 Corn Cob 894.45AL20 Lychee 823.73AL22 Pineapple 1341AL133 Corn Cob 2385.29AF+AS45

6. Wastewater Generated in the Selected Factories (Cont.) Amount WastewaterTreatment Method Raw Materials Fruit Preservation Factories M 3 /dayM 3 /Ton RM Preserved Fruit 33LT1 Preserved Fruit 51.47ST3.4 Preserved Vegetables 834.37AL+LT19 Ginger 5507.43OP74 Ginger 8002.15OP372

7. Water Conservation through GP Water conservation in large scale factories was normally taken into consideration during the planning and design stage. SMEs are neither equipped with new technology, nor properly planned during the design stage, water conservation seems to be a difficult task for them.

8. GP methodology for implementation in manufacturing organization. Getting started Planning Generation & Evaluation of GP options Implementation of GP Options Monitoring and Review Sustaining GP

9. Water consumption monitoring Water meters installation Direct measurement like stop watch and volumetric flask. Direct measurement in the tanks (containers) Spillages may be measured by using containers shaped like pans or other specific shapes. In some areas, weir notch could be a good method to measure wastewater flow instead of water used.

10. Level of monitoring there are 4 levels of monitoring in industries 1.Plant level this will show the overall input and overall output of the plant itself 2. Department level or process level in many SMEs,, we may need to dig deeper into areas, departments or processes to obtain information on water use. 3. Sub-department level that will need to go further in each process for clarification of water used. 4. Machine level In each process, some particular machines may have a greater and more significant water consumption than other machines.

11. 1. Plant Level Plant Input Output 2. Department Level Storage Process 1 Process 2 Offices 3. Sub-Process Level Washing Canning Sterilizing Storage 4. Machine Level Washing Machine 1 Machine 2 Tank 3 To Specific From General

12. GP options for water conservation With proper information obtained from GP methodology, options for water conservation could be identified. The following are few examples of GP options for water conservation.

13. Problems Identified GP Options Generated Water consumption 1 No recycle facility for cooling water 2 No recycle machine for can washing process 3 Too big water hose for floor cleaning 1 Build storage tank for recycle & floor cleaning 2 Install recycle can washing machine 3 Change hose size from big to smaller hose Examples of GP options for water conservation in food industry sector

14. Problems Identified GP Options Generated 4 No valve at the end of water hose 5 No jet floor cleaning 6 Pipe leakage 7 segregation of wastewater 4 Install valve at the end of water hose 5 Install spray gun for floor cleaning 6 Change pipe connection 7 Separate brine wastewater from normal waste Examples of GP options for water conservation in food industry sector (Cont)

15. Problems Identified GP Options Generated 8 Spillage of syrup 9 Hot wastewater discharge directly into sewage drain 10 Worker s had no awareness on good house keeping 8 Install syrup collection system 9 Use heat exchanger in recycling hot water 10 Training course required Examples of GP options for water conservation in food industry sector(Cont)

16. Case study of Food Industry Water conservation from food industry sector in northern Thailand is as shown in table. Significant amount of wastewater reduction could be obtained through GP implementation.

17. Factory Before Implementation waste / unit RM. (m 3 /ton) After Implementation waste / unit RM. (m 3 /ton) 1.Lychee factory 1.1 Saving chemical through soaking process 1.2 Changing washing process 1.3 Maintenance of washing machinery 1.38 5.55 0.38 0.96 3.10 0.20 Wastewater reduction through GP

18. Factory Before Implementation waste / unit RM. (m 3 /ton) After Implementation waste / unit RM. (m 3 /ton) 2. Pineapple factory Change whole process 2.451.01 Wastewater reduction through GP ( Cont )

19. Factory Before Implementation waste / unit RM. (m 3 /ton) After Implementation waste / unit RM. (m 3 /ton) 3. Palm seed factory 3.1 Adding valve at the end of water hoses in soaking process 3.2 Training of good house keeping for workers in washing process 0.79 2.54 0.38 2.02 Wastewater reduction through GP ( Cont )

20. In some cases, attempting in water conservation might give other benefit for factory. In a demonstration project of a ginger factory in Thailand, water monitoring in the factory is as shown in table

21. Water Use Amount (m 3 /day) Amount (L/tonRM) BOD (mg/l) SS (mg/l) 1.Fresh ginger washing water 2. Floor washing water in raw material area 3. Water in salting well 4. Wash water for QC test 360 100 13.4 14.4 4,702 1306 175.7 9,527 91 - 6,533 - Water use and its characteristics of each process.

22. Water Use Amount (m 3 /day) Amount (L/tonRM) BOD (mg/l) SS (mg/l) 5. Wash water of salted ginger 6. Wash water of salted well 7. Wash water during trimming 19.4 3.5 35.6 320 57.5 584 9,400 10,520 196 37,157 22,850 396 Water use and its characteristics of each process. ( Cont )

23. Major use of water was from fresh ginger washing and floor washing. (460 cubic meters per day) Other uses combined were about 80 cubic meters per day The main cause of using high wash water was that the raw ginger contain too high soil content. (12.11%) In the brainstorming, the suppliers should be instructed to reduce soil content in raw materials.

24. To apply the greening the suppliers, the factory divided the suppliers into 3 groups. Group 1 : the control group, the suppliers should deliver raw ginger that have the soil content < 10% this group was neither given any awareness nor incentive programs.

25. Group 2 : this group would be given a series of awareness program, how the quality of raw ginger would effect the water use. The meeting was called four times to convince the suppliers to agree to co-operate with the factory Group 3 : the group that would be offered the incentive program. Those who delivered raw materials with soil content less than 8%, the purchasing price will be 0.10 Baht per kg higher than market price. Those with soil content less than 5%, the price will be 0.20 Baht higher per kg.

26. After the greening the suppliers program was monitoring Soil contents in raw materials in first group group 2 and 3 were 12.11 %, 10.76 and 9.01 respectively. With the awareness program the average value of soil content did not meet the factory’s requirement (10%). However, the soil content was reduced by 1.35%. Similarly to the incentive group, the average soil content was not lower than the incentive level (8% and 5%). The reduction obtained was about 3.10 %.

27. Group 1 No change Group 2 Awareness Group 3 Incentive Soil content, % 12.1110.769.01 Reduction 1.353.10 Soil contents of each group

28. The comparison of samples that met the required standard is as shown in table. For the aware ness group, about 48% of suppliers were still sending raw materials higher than the required specification. Fifty two percent could meet the requirement. About 2% of this group could reach the incentive levels. In the third group, about 17% of the suppliers still did not meet the specification requirement. Only 26 % of the supplier met the incentive requirement. However more than 80% of this group could deliver raw materials with less than 10% of soil content.

29. Number of soil contents according to the required specification. Level of Soil Content Group 2 Awareness Group 3 Incentive Number% % Higher than 10% Between 8 - 10% Below 8% and 5% 12 11 2 48.00 44.00 8.00 6 19 9 17.65 55.88 26.47 Total 2510034100

30. Production information before and after implementation is as shown in table. Raw ginger purchased during the year 1999 was 4,232 tons while in the year 2000 it was 4,610 tons. The amounts of soil in raw materials were 480 tons and 414 tons respectively. Percent soil contents was reduced from 11.37% to 8.95%. Products increased from 57,695 cases to 71,836 cases. Groundwater used was reduced from 5,524m 3 to 4,439m 3 or equivalent to 19.63% reduction. Electricity consumption was reduced from 131,581 kWh to 121,287 kWh or equivalent to 7.82 reduction. It could be easily seen that with GP implementation, production could be increased and raw materials and energy consumptions could be reduced.

31. Production Information Before and After GP Implementation ItemYear 1999Year 2000 Change IncreaseReduce 1.Raw Ginger. (kg.) Ginger+Soil Soil Ginger for production 2.Products (Cases ) 3.Working days 4,232,107 480,213 ( 11.37 % ) 3,742,894 57,695 112 4,610,688 414,575 ( 8.95 % ) 4,196,133 81,836 117 65,638 (2.95%)

32. Production Information Before and After GP Implementation ( Cont ) ItemYear 1999Year 2000 Change IncreaseReduce 4.Groundwater use ( m 3 ) 5.Electricity ( kWh ) 5,524 131,581 4,439 121,287 1,084 (19.63%) 10,294 (7.82%)

33. Financial monitoring and evaluation was performed and shown in table. The total expenses before and after were 144.814 US$ and 163,786 US$ respectively. Compare to the products, expenses per case would be 2.51 US$ and 2.28 US$ respectively. The saving cost of 0.23 US$ per case was obtained in the year 2000. Compare to the number of production at 71,836 cases. The saving of expenses would be 16,522.28 US$.

34. Financial Monitoring and Evaluation ItemYear 1999 Year 2000 Change IncreaseReduce 1. Labor Cost (US$) 2. Groundwater (US$) 3. Electricity (US$) 126,945 458 7,061 151,937 368 7,045 90.06 (19.63%) 15.99 (0.23%)

35. Financial Monitoring and Evaluation ( Cont ) Item Year 1999 Year 2000 Change IncreaseReduce 4.Maintenances (US$) 5.Total expenses (US$) 6. Expenses per case (US$/Case) 9,965 144,814 2.51 4,438 163,786 2.28 5,526.54 (55.46%) 0.23

36. The investment on GP implementation was as shown in table. It could be concluded that he benefit from the lower operating cost were about 11,686.96 US$.

37. Expense for GP Implementation ItemExpenses (US$) 1. Greening the suppliers Awareness Program Incentive Program 2.Equipment Improvement Raw material washing Process 3.Training 151.71 2,788.10 676.25 585.82 633.44 Total4,835.32

38. Summary Water conservation could be obtained from GP implementation in SMEs. Water may be considered as cheap resources but without proper management it could turn to an expensive resources in the manufacturing process. With proper monitoring program, water could be effectively utilized and the SMEs would in turn obtaining benefits from GP implementation.