1. Spinal Conditions
Chapter 9

2. Spinal Column Cervical 7 vertebrae Thoracic 12 vertebrae
Lumbar 5 vertebrae
Sacral 5 fused vertebrae
Coccygeal 4 small fused vertebrae

3. Vertebrae Body Vertebral arch Several bony processes
Articular processes (facet joints)
Pedicles

4. Intervertebral Discs Fibrocartilaginous Poor circulatory supply
Annulus Fibrosus
Nucleous Pulposus (gelatinous)
Poor circulatory supply

5. Ligaments of the Spine Anterior Longitudinal Ligaments
Posterior Longitudinal Ligaments
Supraspinous Ligament
Ligamentum Flavum

6. Muscles of the Spine Erector Spinae muscles Provide: Lateral flexion
Lateral rotation
Flexion
Extension

7. Spinal Nerves 31 pairs emanate from the cord Cervical 8 pairs
Thoracic 12 pairs
Lumbar 5 pairs
Sacral 5 pairs
Coccygeal 1 pair

8. Brachial Plexus
C5 – T1 nerve roots
Innervate:
Arm
Forearm
Hand

9. Lumbar Plexus T12 – L5 nerve roots Innervate: Quadriceps
Adductor muscle group

10. Sacral Plexus L4 – L5 Innervate: Muscles of the Buttocks
Posterior muscles of the lower leg
Anterior muscles of the lower leg
Lateral muscles of the lower leg

11. Anatomical Variations
Kyphosis- Accentuation of the thoracic curve
Scoliosis- Lateral curve of the spine
Lordosis- Abnormal exaggeration of the lumbar curve

12. Cervical Spine Injuries
Cervical Sprains
Cervical Strains
Cervical Spinal Stenosis
Spear Tacklers Spine
Cervical Fractures and Dislocations

13. Cervical Spine Injuries cont.
Brachial Plexus Injuries
Acute Burners or Stingers
Chronic Burners or Stingers
Suprascapular Nerve Injury

14. Thoracic Spine Injuries
Thoracic Contusions, Strains, and Sprains
Thoracic Spinal Fractures and Apophysis
Scheurmann’s Disease
Spondylolisthesis

15. Lumbar Spine Injuries Lumbar Contusions, Strains, and Sprains
Low Back Pain
Sciatica
Lumbar Disc Injuries
Lumbar Fractures and Dislocations

16. Sacrum and Coccyx Injuries
Sacroiliac Joint Sprain
ASIS
PSIS
Sacrotuberous ligament
Sacrospinous ligament
Coccygodynia
Direct blow to coccyx causing fracture or contusion to the area causing pain to the nerves.

17. Evaluation
HOPS
Active motion should not be performed when there is pain over the vertebrae or when there are motor or sensory deficits noted.
Palpation- Warning signs should include temperature, swelling, point tenderness, deformity, crepitus, muscle spasm, and cutaneous sensation.