2. Anaerobic Respiration  Glycolysis  Fermentation

3. Anaerobic Respiration Anaerobic respiration : O 2 NOT required Glucose: pyruvate and small amount of ATP ATP production ends glycolysis Pyruvate is converted into other molecules (fermentation) http://bio1151.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch09/anaerobic.html Fermentation/ Lactate Net ATP =2 Anaerobic Respiration Aerobic Respiration Citric acid cycle= Krebs cycle Net ATP=36

4. Vocab  Fermentation : a cell has a short supply of oxygen (a body is running at full speed away from a lion ) will not use anaerobic respiration but will start fermentation  Fermentation extends glycolysis with extra reactions that replenish NAD +,  Keeps glycolysis running producing small amounts of ATP.

5. Two Types of Fermentation  Lactic acid fermentation  happens in bacteria, fungi, and animal cells.  an anaerobic fermentation reaction  In activities that require high amount of glucose to be consumed by our muscles (exercise),  energy is obtained from anaerobic metabolism of pyruvate and the by-product is lactate

6. Two Types of Fermentation  Lactic acid fermentation  When we exercise, the amount of lactate produced exceeds the rate at which the muscles can remove it  leads to an uncomfortable, burning sensation in the muscles, especially those of the arms and legs, and is not responsible for the muscle soreness experienced by the person the day after.  In fact, the burning sensation is just a warning sign that we are doing something that is a bit too hot to handle for our muscles.  Lactate  The terms "lactate" and "lactic acid" are often used interchangeably, but there is a difference:  lactic acid is an acid, which means it can release a hydrogen ion and bind with a positively charged sodium or potassium ion to form an acid salt.  lactate production is part of the way your muscles get fuel to keep working, and exercising at too high an intensity for too long will lead to the buildup of lactic acid, which will make your working muscles burn.

7. Two Types of Fermentation  Alcoholic Fermentation  similar to lactic acid fermentation  Instead of the pyruvate being reduced to lactate, it is reduced to ethanol, and lets off two molecules of CO 2 along the way  Used by: bacteria and yeast (yeast are fungi, btw).  Humans "use" alcohol fermentation in another way, by using it to make bread, beer and wine.

8. Anaerobic Respiration  No Oxygen  Glycolysis extended  Fermentation  Only 2 ATP produced

9. Similarities and differences to anaerobic and aerobic respiration http://gottalovebio.wikispaces.com/H+Giavedoni

10. Biosynthesis ATP provides energy for biosynthesis reactions in cells Biosynthesis reactions form larger, more complex molecules from less-complex molecules Ex: starch from glucose Biosynthesis helps organisms to grow and maintain their structure Definition provided by definition bing.com biological production of chemical substances: the synthesis of chemical substances as the result of biological activity

11. Biosynthesis and Breakdown  Metabolism : all chem. activities & changes that take place in the cell/organism  All chem rxns in a cell are 2 types:  Synthesis (biosynthesis) : build up larger more complex molecules  Breakdown/decomposition (decomp) rxns : break down larger molecules into smaller

12. Examples of Biosynthesis and Breakdown  Biosynthesis:  Build proteins from amino acids, which then build tissues, such as muscles and blood from proteins  Breakdown:  Cellular respiration, releases E & that E is provided from food

13. Importance of Food  Provides E  Organic Molecules for making sugar, amino acids, other compounds (cmpds)  W/O Organ. Cmpnds cells could not repair or create new cells  Photosynthesis provides food for producers  How do heterotrophs get their food?

14. Digestion  Digestion: breaking dwn larger molecules into smaller, simpler molecules  Enzymes help break down of food  Found in mouth, stomach, small intestine  Speed up reactions  Final digestion occrs in sm. Intestine

15. Sandwich process through digestion  Contains:  Carbs, proteins, fatssugar, amino acids, fatty acids  These organic molecules then pass thru sm. Intest. Cell membrne to blood stream  From blood stream go into cells

16. Conversions Compounds  Fats:  Proteins: Converted to  3-C molecule and fatty acids- which enter Krebs  Amino acids

17.  Whether a protein, carb, or fat, each organic molecule must be synthesized from the matter the organism takes in  Then it must be broken down so that the organisms can use the necessary organic molecules and energy