1. 2 Development of Vocabulary

2. 2.1 The Indo-European Language Family World languages: 3000-5000 Language families: 300 Indo-European Language Family (IELF) Europe Middle East Far East

3. 2.1 The Indo-European Language Family IELF: Eastern Set & Western Set Eastern Set: Balto-Slavic (7): Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian, Russian Indo-Iranian (4): Persian, Bengali, Hindi, Romany Armenian (1): Armenian Albanian (1): Albanian

4. 2.1 The Indo-European Language Family Western set: Hellenic (1): Greek Celtic (4): Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Breton Italic (Latin) (5) : Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian (Ramance) Germanic (8): Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic (Scandinavian); German, Dutch, Flemish, English

5. 2.1 The Indo-European Language Family All these languages have some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent.

6. 2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary Celts (natives) Romans (55-54 BC) Anglo-Saxons (410: Angles, Saxons, Jutes) = (Germanic tribes)

7. 2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary Old English (450-1150) Two events: 1.Latin-speaking Roman missionaries headed by St. Augustine came to spread Christianity in Britain at the end of the 6th century. Words borrowed: abbot, candle, altar, amen, apostle

8. 2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary 2.Invasion by Norwegian and Danish Vikings in the 9th century Words from Scandinavian: father, husband, house, life, man, mother 900 words borrowed Many are in common use today

9. 2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary Characteristics: 1. Small vocabulary (50,000 — 60,000 ); 2. Small number of borrowings (from Latin and Scandinavian); 3. Vocabulary full of endings.

10. 2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary Middle English (1150-1500) 1066: Norman Conquest a continual flow of Norman French words into English Three languages existing side by side: Latin (in the church) French (in government, school, law court) English (by native people)

11. 2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary 1250 — 1500: 9,000 words from French 75 % still in use today state, power, prince, judge, court, crime, angel, mercy, peace, battle

12. 2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary Characteristics: 1. A comparatively larger vocabulary; 2. A tremendous number of foreign words from French and Latin; 3. Word endings leveled.

13. 2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary Modern English (1500-up to now) Early Modern English (1500-1700) Late Modern English (1700-up to now) Contemporary English (1945-now) Present-day English (now)

14. 2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary Renaissance (1400-1700) = revival of Greek and Roman classics Words borrowed through translation 1500 — 1700: +10,000 words +25% of ME directly from Latin or Greek

15. 2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary Influential events:  The Bourgeois Revolution around 1650s  Industrial Revolution (1830-early 20th C)  Colonization  World War II  Science and technology

16. 2.3 General Characteristics Characteristics: 1. Huge and heterogeneous vocabulary; 2.Tremendous borrowings; 3.High receptivity and adaptability; 4.Vocabulary with lost endings; 5.Vocabulary expansion mainly by word-formation.

17. 2.3 General Characteristics Old English full endings Middle English leveled endings Modern English lost endings

18. 2.3 General Characteristics Old Middle Modern leorn-ian lern-en learn mon-a mone-e moon stan-as ston-es stone sun-ne sun-ne sun sun-u sun-e sun Full endingLeveled endingLost ending

19. 2.4 Foreign Elements 1. Latin (1) Pre-Anglo-Saxon Period (before 410) wallstreet wine trade (2) Old English Period (410-1150) alter candle mass nun (3) Middle English Period (1150-1500) include legal picture polite

20. 2.4 Foreign Elements 1. Latin (4) Modern English Period focus status bonus vacuum minimum stratum arena via militia species series

21. 2.4 Foreign Elements 1. Latin Roots: 359 Latin: 253 74% Affixes: 186 Latin: 71 25%

22. 2.4 Foreign Elements 2. Greek Words entered English through Latin. medicine: anatomy diagnosis science: astronomy geography language: grammar etymology literature: poet drama

23. 2.4 Foreign Elements 2. Greek Roots: 359 Greek: 91 25% Affix: 186 Greek: 52 28%

24. 2.4 Foreign Elements 3. French ¼ of words from French A large proportion of French words belong to basic vocabulary. Example: 王子、公、侯、伯、子、男 prince duke marquis count viscount baron king queen (English)

25. 2.4 Foreign Elements Meat: beef veal pork venison Meal: banquet feast dinner supper breakfast (English) Cuisine: 烧、烤、炖、炒、煎、炸、煮 broil, grill grate bake, stew simmer, fry, deep-fry, boil Fashion: fashion, dress, coat, collar, lace

26. 2.4 Foreign Elements 4. Scandinavian Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic Nouns: husband sister leg skin Verbs: get take call want Adj: happy ill wrong low Pron: they them their both

27. 2.4 Foreign Elements “ An Englishman cannot thrive or be ill without Scandinavian words; they are to the language, what bread and eggs are to the daily fare. ” Jespersen (1948)

28. 2.4 Foreign Elements Role of borrowing in present vocabulary: 6% - 7% of new words (Pyles and Algeo) 6000 WORDS (1961-1976) 473 borrowed words French: 30%Latin: 8% Japanese: 7%Italian: 7% Spanish: 6%German: 5% Greek: 5%Russian: 4% Chinese: 2%

29. 2.5 Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary 12,000 Words science and technology: 45% life-style: 24% social and economic terms: 11%

30. 2.5 Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary Reasons: 1. Rapid growth of science and technology green revolution astro-chemistry irradiation 2. Social, economic and political changes TV dinner soul music girlcott

31. 2.5 Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary 3. Influence of other cultures and languages Mao hat pita bread kungfu

32. 2.6 Modes of Vocabulary Development Modes of development: creation semantic change borrowing

33. 2.6 Modes of Vocabulary Development 1. Creation= formation of new words by using the existing materials: roots and affixes super-rich colaholic sportcast

34. 2.6 Modes of Vocabulary Development 2. Semantic change = an old form which takes on a new meaning break (dance) mouse web monitor

35. 2.6 Modes of Vocabulary Development 3. Borrowing (playing a slim role) 4. Reviving archaic or obsolete words AmE BrE AmE BrE guess for think druggist for chemist fall for autumn sickfor ill

36. 2.6 Modes of Vocabulary Development Summary

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