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First Anatomy and Physiology quiz/test on MONDAY!!! 1- systems and functions 2- science you should already know and why you need to know it.

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Presentation on theme: "First Anatomy and Physiology quiz/test on MONDAY!!! 1- systems and functions 2- science you should already know and why you need to know it."— Presentation transcript:

1 First Anatomy and Physiology quiz/test on MONDAY!!! 1- systems and functions 2- science you should already know and why you need to know it

2 Overview of the Systems of the Body _________________: blood circulations with heart and blood vessels _________________: blood circulations with heart and blood vessels

3 _________________: processing food with mouth, stomach and intestines _________________: processing food with mouth, stomach and intestines

4 __________________: communicating within the body using hormones __________________: communicating within the body using hormones

5 ___________________: defending against disease-causing agents ___________________: defending against disease-causing agents

6 ____________________: skin, hair and nails ____________________: skin, hair and nails

7 _____________________: structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream _____________________: structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream

8 _______________________: moving the body _______________________: moving the body

9 ___________________: collecting, transferring and processing information with brain and nerves ___________________: collecting, transferring and processing information with brain and nerves

10 _________________: the sex organs _________________: the sex organs

11 _________________: the organs used for breathing, the lungs _________________: the organs used for breathing, the lungs

12 _________________________: structural support and protection through bones _________________________: structural support and protection through bones

13 __________________________: the kidneys and associated structures involved in the production and excretion of urine __________________________: the kidneys and associated structures involved in the production and excretion of urine

14 Science you should already know and why you need to review it. Four macromolecules: Four macromolecules:****

15 Why are carbs important? Glucose is taken in by cells of the body and broken down to obtain it’s energy Glucose is taken in by cells of the body and broken down to obtain it’s energy Too much glucose gets stored in liver Too much glucose gets stored in liver Not enough glucose, liver releases it Not enough glucose, liver releases it Diabetics need to regulate carb. Intake Diabetics need to regulate carb. Intake Low carbs diet craze – good or bad? Low carbs diet craze – good or bad?

16 Why are proteins important? Main component of muscles (skeletal, cardiac and smooth) Main component of muscles (skeletal, cardiac and smooth) Enzymes are proteins (ex lactase) Enzymes are proteins (ex lactase) Proteins in nerve cells allow for nervous impulse to transmit Proteins in nerve cells allow for nervous impulse to transmit

17 Why are lipids important? Main component of all cell membranes Main component of all cell membranes Many vitamins are fat soluble Many vitamins are fat soluble Cushioning and protection Cushioning and protection Too much or too little causes health problems Too much or too little causes health problems

18 Why are nucleic acids important? DNA is the nucleic acid that dictates all of you traits DNA is the nucleic acid that dictates all of you traits Genetic disorders are due to problems with DNA sequences Genetic disorders are due to problems with DNA sequences RNA helps to build proteins for the body RNA helps to build proteins for the body

19 QUIZ time 1 – Carbs 1 – Carbs 2 – Proteins 2 – Proteins 3 – Lipids 3 – Lipids 4 – Nucleic acids 4 – Nucleic acids

20 Enzymes work by? Lowering activation energy to break down or put together molecules Lowering activation energy to break down or put together molecules Why Important? Why Important? –Almost all chemical processes in the body are driven by enzymes. –If enzyme is not working = illness  Ex. lactose intolerance

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22 ATP is important because? It is the key energy molecule that cells use for driving chemical reactions It is the key energy molecule that cells use for driving chemical reactions Glucose is converted into many ATPs Glucose is converted into many ATPs ATP does work for all cells ATP does work for all cells –Ex. ATP is needed everytime a muscle contracts or a nerve cell fires

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24 We eat and breathe because?

25 We eat mainly to obtain glucose so we can eventually energy for our cells (ATP) We eat mainly to obtain glucose so we can eventually energy for our cells (ATP) We breathe because oxygen is needed to fully break down glucose into ATPs We breathe because oxygen is needed to fully break down glucose into ATPs Food and oxygen is required for the process of cellular respiration Food and oxygen is required for the process of cellular respiration

26 Chemical equation for eating and breathing Chemical equation for cellular respiration is Chemical equation for cellular respiration is C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy(ATP) Glucose + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP

27 Exercising requires Video

28 How do we heal?

29 The need to heal!

30 Mitosis is important because? When cells are damaged or destroyed mitosis is the process that replaces the cells with new ones that are identical to the old ones When cells are damaged or destroyed mitosis is the process that replaces the cells with new ones that are identical to the old ones When an organism grows, mitosis is the process that makes new cells When an organism grows, mitosis is the process that makes new cells

31 Draw and label a typical animal cell below

32 An ion is? Cation = positively charged ion due to a loss of electrons Cation = positively charged ion due to a loss of electrons –Ex. Ca+ needed for a muscle to contract, Na+ and K+ needed for a nerve impulse Anion = negatively charged ion due to gain of electrons Anion = negatively charged ion due to gain of electrons –Ex. HCO 3 – maintains blood pH

33 An isomer is? Molecules with the same chemical formula and often with the same kinds of bonds between atoms, but in which the atoms are arranged differently. Molecules with the same chemical formula and often with the same kinds of bonds between atoms, but in which the atoms are arranged differently. –Ex glucose and fructose are both C 6 H 12 O 6 but they are different – your cells use glucose directly but must convert fructose to use it

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35 Difference between structural and molecular formula is? Structural formula is a graphical picture of how a molecule is arranged Structural formula is a graphical picture of how a molecule is arranged Molecular formula is an expression of the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule Molecular formula is an expression of the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule –Glucose and fructose again as examples

36 Ionic bonds are? An ionic bond is an electrical attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or groups of atoms An ionic bond is an electrical attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or groups of atoms Na+ and Cl- attract to become NaCl or salt Na+ and Cl- attract to become NaCl or salt Important because these chemicals disassociate easily in water and can then be used to form ion gradients Important because these chemicals disassociate easily in water and can then be used to form ion gradients

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38 Covalent bonds are? Bonds formed between elements due to sharing of electrons Bonds formed between elements due to sharing of electrons Very strong bonds Very strong bonds Important because Important because –Carbon chains are covalent, cellular structures and macromolecules are carbon based molecules –When a covalent bond is broken – lots of energy is released that can be used by the cells of the body (ex glucose broken down)

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40 Polar and non-polar molecules differ because? Polar molecules – “like” water, they dissolve in water (ex salts, water soluble vitamins, ions) Polar molecules – “like” water, they dissolve in water (ex salts, water soluble vitamins, ions) Non-polar – “fear” water and don’t dissolve in water (ex, lipids, hydrocarbon chains) Non-polar – “fear” water and don’t dissolve in water (ex, lipids, hydrocarbon chains) Why important? Basis for cells even existing, cell membrane is formed using polar and non-polar molecules Why important? Basis for cells even existing, cell membrane is formed using polar and non-polar molecules

41 MACROMOLECULES 4 Large Molecules Important to Life 4 Large Molecules Important to Life –Carbohydrates –Lipids –Proteins –Nucleic Acids

42 Stuff to know! Chapter 2-1 Atomic # Atomic # Atomic mass Atomic mass Atomic structure Atomic structure Ionic bonds Ionic bonds Covalent bonds Covalent bonds Hydrogen bonds Hydrogen bonds Water chemistry Water chemistry –Solutions,Solvents,pH – polarity Chapter 2-3 Carbon chem Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

43 CARBOHYDRATES (CH 2 O) n Monomers = monosaccharides Monomers = monosaccharides –Examples = glucose, fructose and galactose (all 3 = C 6 H 12 O 6 so they are isomer) Functions= provides energy (glucose is energy source for cells

44 Two linked = disaccharides Two linked = disaccharides –Examples = sucrose (glucose and fructose) and lactose

45 Polymer = polysaccharides Polymer = polysaccharides –Examples =glycogen (animals) starch (plants)

46 Why “bulk-up” on carbs? Why not eat carbs?

47 CONDENSATION REACTION

48 HOW WOULD THIS GET BROKEN DOWN? HYDROLYSIS H20H20

49 PROTEINS Monomers = amino acids Monomers = amino acids All amino acids have All amino acids have –Amine group (NH 2 ) –Carboxyl group (COOH) R-groups differ R-groups differ

50 Dipeptide

51 FUNCTIONS of PROTEINS Structural Structural Hormones Hormones Transport Transport Histones Histones ENZYMES!!! ENZYMES!!!

52 Lock and Key Model

53 What symptoms would you have if you had sickle cell anemia?

54 1 amino acid is wrong in the hemoglobin sequence = mis-shaped RBCs

55 LIPIDS MONOMERS = fatty acids MONOMERS = fatty acids Saturated Saturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

56 COMPLEX TRIGLYCERIDES TRIGLYCERIDES PHOSPHOLIPIDS PHOSPHOLIPIDS WAXES WAXES

57 FUNCTIONS TRIGLYCERIDES – insulation and energy storage TRIGLYCERIDES – insulation and energy storage PHOSPHOLIPDS – main component in cell membranes PHOSPHOLIPDS – main component in cell membranes

58 HARDENING OF THE ARTERIES Fats such as cholesterol and saturated fatty acids build up in arteries Fats such as cholesterol and saturated fatty acids build up in arteries What other factors contribute to arteriosclerosis? What other factors contribute to arteriosclerosis?

59 include that consist of which contain that consist of which contain Section 2-3 Concept Map

60 Carbon Compounds include that consist of which contain that consist of which contain Section 2-3 Concept Map CarbohydratesLipidsNucleic acidsProteins Sugars and starches Fats and oilsNucleotidesAmino Acids Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,

61 2–2 Properties of Water 2–2 Properties of Water A.The Water Molecule 1.Polarity 2.Hydrogen Bonds B.Solutions and Suspensions 1.Solutions 2.Suspensions C.Acids, Bases, and pH 1.The pH Scale 2.Acids 3.Bases 4.Buffers Section 2-2 Section Outline

62 Hydrogen bonds Caused by partial positive and negative charges Caused by partial positive and negative charges Water is best example Water is best example ﮦ - ﮦ +

63 Cl - Water Cl - Na + Water Na + Section 2-2 Figure 2-9 NaCI Solution

64 Section 2-2 Figure 2-9 NaCI Solution Cl - Water Cl - Na + Water Na +

65 Oven cleaner Bleach Ammonia solution Soap Sea water Human blood Pure water Milk Normal rainfall Acid rain Tomato juice Lemon juice Stomach acid Neutral Increasingly Basic Increasingly Acidic Section 2-2 pH Scale

66 H2O sometimes breaks down into H+ and OH-

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68 1. What are the reactants when wood burns? 1. What are the reactants when wood burns? Reactants are oxygen and cellulose. Reactants are oxygen and cellulose. 2. What are the products when wood burns? 2. What are the products when wood burns? Products are carbon dioxide and water Products are carbon dioxide and water 3. What kinds of energy are given off when wood burns? 3. What kinds of energy are given off when wood burns? Light and heat are given off. Some students may also mention sound (the crackling of a fire). Light and heat are given off. Some students may also mention sound (the crackling of a fire). 4. Wood doesn’t burn all by itself. What must you do to start a fire? What does this mean in terms of energy? 4. Wood doesn’t burn all by itself. What must you do to start a fire? What does this mean in terms of energy? To start a fire, you must light it with a match and kindling. You are giving the wood some energy in the form of heat. To start a fire, you must light it with a match and kindling. You are giving the wood some energy in the form of heat. 5. Once the fire gets started, it keeps burning. Why don’t you need to keep restarting the fire? 5. Once the fire gets started, it keeps burning. Why don’t you need to keep restarting the fire? Once the fire gets going, it gives off enough heat to start more of the wood burning. Once the fire gets going, it gives off enough heat to start more of the wood burning. Section 2-4 Interest Grabber continued

69 2–4Chemical Reactions and Enzymes 2–4Chemical Reactions and Enzymes A.Chemical Reactions B.Energy in Reactions 1.Energy Changes 2.Activation Energy C.Enzymes D.Enzyme Action 1.The Enzyme-Substrate Complex 2.Regulation of Enzyme Activity Section 2-4 Section Outline

70 Reaction pathway without enzyme Activation energy without enzyme Activation energy with enzyme Reaction pathway with enzyme Reactants Products Section 2-4 Effect of Enzymes

71 Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction Products Activation energy Activation energy Reactants Section 2-4 Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions

72 Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction Products Activation energy Activation energy Reactants Section 2-4 Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions

73 Enzyme/Substrate Complex

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75 Valence electrons are important because? The electrons in the outermost shell of atoms determine type of bonds to be formed The electrons in the outermost shell of atoms determine type of bonds to be formed Also these electrons have potential energy for our cells to use Also these electrons have potential energy for our cells to use –When hydrogen loses it’s one valence electron it becomes nothing more than a proton = H+ –Proton “pumps” keep cells working

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77 Carbon is especially important to life because? Living organisms are carbon-based life forms. Living organisms are carbon-based life forms. –The molecules that make up our cells (carbs, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids) are ALL made out of carbon chains

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