1. What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ?
Dr Ayaz Afsar

2. Objectives To define plagiarism
To familiarize the participants with what constitutes plagiarism
To discuss how to avoid plagiarism
To introduce to methods of citations

3. Defining Plagiarism
The Oxford English Dictionary defines plagiarism as:
The wrongful appropriation, or purloining, and publication as one's own, of the ideas, or the expression of the ideas (literary, artistic, musical, mechanical) of another.
The American definition from Webster's 3rd Int'l adds:
to commit literary theft: to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source.

4. The WPA Council (Council of Writing Program Administrators) defines plagiarism as:
In an instructional setting, plagiarism occurs when a writer deliberately uses someone else’s language, ideas or other original (not common-knowledge) material without acknowledging its source.
This definition applies to texts published in print or on-line, to manuscripts and to the work of other student writers.
In the Concise Oxford Dictionary, plagiarism is defined as
Taking and using the thoughts, writings and inventions of another person as one’s own

5. What Constitutes Plagiarism?
Examples and Explanations

6. The Plagiarist as a Thief!!!
Chambers Dictionary defines a plagiarist as a kind of thief- “one who steals the thoughts or writings of others and gives them out as his own.”

7. What is Stolen?? words? ideas? style? form? look and feel? hard work?
originality?
identity?
credit?
right?
fame?

8. 1.Verbatim plagiarism or direct copying from a source
Use of the original wording of the source without quotation marks and reference
Verbatim plagiarism includes
Whole sale copying, i.e., handing in an entire paper copied from a website, a friend or some other source
Cut and Paste, i.e., copying large chunks of text (phrases, sentences or paragraphs) from one or more original sources and inserting it into the assignment

9. Source: Davidson, Robert. Genesis 1-11.Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1973.
Examples
Such ‘story myths’ are not told for their entertainment value. They provide answers to questions which people ask about life, about society and about the world in which they live.
Plagiarized Version
Specifically story myths are not for entertainment purposes rather they serve as answers to questions people ask about life, about society and about the world.
Original wording
Misuse of Source:
Word for word copy of the original source
Quotation marks are not used
Reference not provided
Author not given credit
Source: Davidson, Robert. Genesis 1-11.Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1973.

10. How to quote correctly Direct quotations need to be
marked with quotation marks
or set off from the main body of the text as per the style guide which the paper follows
Needs to be cited properly

11. Source: Davidson, Robert. Genesis 1-11.Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1973.
Such ‘story myths’ are not told for their entertainment value. They provide answers to questions which people ask about life, about society and about the world in which they live.
Correct Version:
Davidson explains that “story myths” answer “questions people ask about life, about society and about the world in which they live”. (10)
Original wording
Use of quotation marks to indicate the passage is a direct word for word quotation from the original
Insertion of the author’s name in the same sentence as the quote
Page reference is given
Source: Davidson, Robert. Genesis 1-11.Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1973.

12. Technology has significantly transformed education at several major turning points in our history. In the broadest sense, the first technology was the primitive modes of communication used by prehistoric people before the development of spoken language. Mime, gestures, grunts, and drawing of figures in the sand with a stick were methods used to communicate -- yes, even to educate. Even without speech, these prehistoric people were able to teach their young how to catch animals for food, what animals to avoid, which vegetation was good to eat and which was poisonous.
Plagiarized Version
In examining technology, we have to remember that computers are not the first technology people have had to deal with. The first technology was the primitive modes of communication used by prehistoric people before the development of spoken language.
Source: Frick, T. (1991). Restructuring education through technology. Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation.
Original wording
Word for word of the original source
Quotation marks not used
Credit not being given to the author
Reference not provided

13. Source: Frick, T. (1991). Restructuring education through technology
Source: Frick, T. (1991). Restructuring education through technology. Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation.
Correct Version:
In examining technology, we have to remember that computers are not the first technology people have had to deal with. Frick (1991) believes that "... the first technology was the primitive modes of communication used by prehistoric people before the development of spoken language" (p. 10).
References: Frick, T. (1991). Restructuring education through technology. Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation.
Technology has significantly transformed education at several major turning points in our history. In the broadest sense, the first technology was the primitive modes of communication used by prehistoric people before the development of spoken language. Mime, gestures, grunts, and drawing of figures in the sand with a stick were methods used to communicate -- yes, even to educate. Even without speech, these prehistoric people were able to teach their young how to catch animals for food, what animals to avoid, which vegetation was good to eat and which was poisonous.
Original wording
Author and year of publication is given
Quotation marks are used to indicate that the passage is a direct word for word quotation from an original source

14. Original Source Material
Theories differ from philosophies and models of teaching. A philosophy is a value system, whereas a theory seeks to explain real-world events and can be certified through scientific investigation. Models of teaching are approaches to the management of some aspect of classroom instruction and they may not be independent of subject area, grade level, age of the student, or the setting for learning. A characteristic of learning theories is that they address the underlying psychological dynamics of events. Thus, they provide a mechanism for understanding the implications of events related to learning in both formal and informal settings.
Plagiarized Version
Theories and philosophies are different from each other because theories seek to explain real-world events and can be certified through scientific investigation. Learning theories address the underlying psychological dynamics of events, so they provide a mechanism for understanding the implications of events related to learning in both formal and informal settings.
Source: Gredler, M. E. (2001). Learning and instruction: Theory into practice (4th ed.). Upper Saddle, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Original wording
Word for word of the original source
Quotation marks not used
Credit not being given to the author
Reference not provided

15. Source: Gredler, M. E. (2001). Learning and instruction: Theory into practice (4th ed.). Upper Saddle, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Original Source Material
Theories differ from philosophies and models of teaching. A philosophy is a value system, whereas a theory seeks to explain real-world events and can be certified through scientific investigation. Models of teaching are approaches to the management of some aspect of classroom instruction and they may not be independent of subject area, grade level, age of the student, or the setting for learning. A characteristic of learning theories is that they address the underlying psychological dynamics of events. Thus, they provide a mechanism for understanding the implications of events related to learning in both formal and informal settings.
Correct Version Theories and philosophies are different from each other because, according to Gredler (2001) theories seek to explain real-world events and can be certified through scientific investigation... A characteristic of learning theories is that they address the underlying psychological dynamics of events. Thus, they provide a mechanism for understanding the implications of events related to learning in both formal and informal settings. (pp ) References: Gredler, M. E. (2001). Learning and instruction: Theory into practice (4th Ed.). Upper Saddle, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Original wording
An indented block is used to indicate that this passage is a word-for-word quotation
Original author is referred to
Citation is given in the reference list as well

16. 2. Inappropriate Paraphrasing
Using with only slight changes the material of another
Ideas being presented in the same sequence as in the original source with only the insertion of synonyms
No citation
Credit not being given to the original author

17. Source: Gredler, M. E. (2001). Learning and instruction: Theory into
Source: Gredler, M. E. (2001). Learning and instruction: Theory into practice (4th ed.). Upper Saddle, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Developing complex skills in the classroom involves the key ingredients identified in teaching pigeons to play ping-pong and to bowl. The key ingredients are: (1) inducing a response, (2) reinforcing subtle improvements or refinements in the behavior, (3) providing for the transfer of stimulus control by gradually withdrawing the prompts or cues, and (4) scheduling reinforcements so that the ratio of reinforcements in responses gradually increases and natural reinforcers can maintain their behavior.
Plagiarized Version:
Inducing a response, providing for the transfer of stimulus control by gradually withdrawing prompts or cues, reinforcing subtle improvements in the behavior, and scheduling reinforcements so that natural reinforcers can maintain their behavior are the key ingredients identified both in teaching pigeons to play ping-pong and in developing complex skills in the classroom.
Original wording
Misuse of Source:
Only the original author’s words have been moved around inserting and deleting small portions as needed
The original author has not been credited

18. How to paraphrase correctly
A correct paraphrase needs to be
A condensed version of another author’s work
An original articulation of another author’s ideas
Structured differently from the original
Need to be cited properly

19. Source: Gredler, M. E. (2001). Learning and instruction: Theory into practice (4th ed.). Upper Saddle, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Developing complex skills in the classroom involves the key ingredients identified in teaching pigeons to play ping-pong and to bowl. The key ingredients are: (1) inducing a response, (2) reinforcing subtle improvements or refinements in the behavior, (3) providing for the transfer of stimulus control by gradually withdrawing the prompts or cues, and (4) scheduling reinforcements so that the ratio of reinforcements in responses gradually increases and natural reinforcers can maintain their behavior.
Correct Version
According to Gredler (2001), the same factors apply to developing complex skills in a classroom setting as to developing complex skills in any setting. A response must be induced, then reinforced as it gets closer to the desired behavior. Reinforcers have to be scheduled carefully, and cues have to be withdrawn gradually so that the new behaviors can be transferred and maintained.
References: Gredler, M. E. (2001). Learning and instruction: Theory into practice (4th ed.). Upper Saddle, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Proper reference is given to author and year of publication
Since paraphrasing occurred so quotation marks are not used
Original wording

20. Source: Davidson, Robert. Genesis 1-11.Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1973.
Such ‘story myths’ are not told for their entertainment value. They provide answers to questions which people ask about life, about society and about the world in which they live. (10)
Plagiarized Version
Davidson explains that myths answer questions about life, about society and about the world in which they live.
Original wording
Misuse of Source:
Only the original author’s words have been moved around
Reference not provided

21. Source: Davidson, Robert. Genesis 1-11.Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1973.
Correct Version
As Davidson explains, the importance of “story myths” is in their relevance to the everyday lives of their readers. (10)
Such ‘story myths’ are not told for their entertainment value. They provide answers to questions which people ask about life, about society and about the world in which they live. (10)
Original wording
Original articulation of idea
Author is introduced at the beginning of the sentence
Proper citation of source material (page reference according to the MLA style)
Source: Davidson, Robert. Genesis 1-11.Cambridge: Cambridge UP,

22. Other practices which constitute plagiarism
Borrowing organization:
Using the general plan, the main headings or a rewritten form of someone else’s material
Submitting someone else’s Material as one’s own:
The practice of employing or allowing another person to alter or revise the work which a student submits as his/her own. This includes buying or copying an entire paper or article from the Web
Failing to reference/footnote material:
Lifting selected passages and phrases without proper acknowledgement and thereby passing off somebody else’s ideas or words as one’s own
Collusion:
Presenting work done collaboratively as one’s own without giving the names of all the participants
While working in collaboration with other students, it must be clarified from the professor whether after a group discussion an individual written assignment must be turned in or whether a collective work can be submitted
False Citation:
Documenting outside sources that were not actually consulted
Multiple submission of academic work:
Revising or using all or part of an earlier piece of work or producing a single piece of work to satisfy two requirements

23. Importance of Intention
Plagiarism is using another’s words with an intent to deceive. The plagiarist implies
that I said this (deception with respect to author)
that this is true (deception with respect to truth)
that I own this (deception with respect to right)
that I experienced this
that I discovered this
that I researched this
that this was told to me
that I have it on good authority
that I found this
that this is obvious

24. Citation
We need to cite and document, where it is due, in order to give credit to the source we have used.
Many professional organizations such as MLA and APA have lengthy guidelines for citing sources.

25. What needs to be documented?
When exact words or a unique phrase has been copied.
When ideas presented in a book, magazine, newspaper, web page, TV program, letter, advertisement or any other medium have been incorporated in work.
When any diagrams, illustrations, charts, pictures or other visual material has been reprinted.
When information is gained through interviewing or conversing with another person, face to face, on phone or in writing.
When any electronically available material including images, audio or video has been reused.

26. The Bottom Line is
Document any words, ideas or any other productions that originate somewhere outside of you

27. Why must we cite?
To acknowledge and give credit to sources of words, ideas, diagrams, illustrations, quotations borrowed, or any materials summarized or paraphrased
To show that you are respectfully borrowing other people’s ideas, not stealing them, i.e., to prove that you are not plagiarizing
To enhance the credibility of your research. By giving the readers an opportunity to check out your sources for accuracy, you inspire reader confidence

28. Methods of Citation
Parenthetical references
Footnotes
Endnotes

29. Parenthetical references
It is the simplest way to cite sources
The author's last name and page number(s) are placed in parentheses in the text to give credit to sources.
Example:
In your paper you write:
          In their Preface, the authors point out that "Learning Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML) is like learning any new language, computer or human" (Musciano and Kennedy xi).
In your bibliography or work cited page you write
Musciano, Chuck, and Bill Kennedy. HTML and XHTML: The          
Definitive Guide. 4th ed. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly, 2000.

30. Footnotes
Place a superscript number after the last word of the quotation.
Place the same superscript number at the beginning of the Footnote at the bottom of the same page where the citation occurs.
Example
In traditional British East Africa, between the time of puberty and marriage, a young Akamba girl must maintain an avoidance relationship with her own father.6
6 Sigmund Freud, Totem and Taboo (New York: Random, 1918) 17.
In your work cited page you write
Freud, Sigmund. Totem and Taboo. New York: Random, 1918.

31. Endnotes Endnotes are written in the same way as footnotes.
The main difference is that footnotes are placed numerically at the foot of the very same page where direct references are made, while Endnotes are placed numerically at the end of the essay on a separate page entitled End notes or notes
Example
The World Book Encyclopedia defines Taboo as "an action, object, person, or place forbidden by law or culture."1
1Alan Dundes, "Taboo," World Book Encyclopedia ed.
In your works cited page you write
Dundes, Alan. "Taboo." World Book Encyclopedia ed.

32. What need not to be documented?
Writing your own lived experiences, your own observation and insight, your own thoughts and your own conclusions about a subject.
When you are writing up your own obtained results through lab or field experiments.
When you use your own art work, digital photographs, audio and video.
When you use “common knowledge”- things like folklore, common sense observations, myths, urban legends and historical events (but not historical documents).

33. Why to avoid Plagiarism?
Academic dishonesty has SEVERE CONSEQUENCES
For students
Failed grade on an assignment or a course
Expulsion or resuscitation from the University
For teachers and researchers
Loss of integrity and credibility in academic circles
Termination of services
Loss of research grants and sponsorship

34. HEC’s Plagiarism Policy
In the special meeting of the Commission held on 14th of April 2007 it was decided
“To preserve academic honesty and sanctity of the degrees awarded by the Universities and Degree Awarding Institutes in Pakistan, HEC will have a zero tolerance policy towards any kind of Plagiarism.”

35. Plagiarism is considered to be a moral crime in the entire academic world
The major cause of plagiarism in Pakistan is a lack of awareness about what constitutes plagiarism and how to avoid it

36. Cross-referencing
Using MLA Format

37. Cross-Referencing Your Sources
Cross-referencing allows readers to locate the publication information of source material.
This is of great value for researchers who may want to locate your sources for their own research projects.

38. Avoiding Plagiarism
Proper citation of your sources in MLA style can help you avoid plagiarism, which is a serious offense. It may result in anything from failure of the assignment to expulsion from the University.

39. Where to Find MLA Format
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.
Composition textbooks

40. MLA Style: Two Parts
Works Cited Page
Parenthetical Citations

41. Works Cited Page
A complete list of every source that you make reference to in your essay
Provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any sources cited in your essay

42. Works Cited Page
A complete list of every source that you make reference to in your Research Assignment or Dissertation.
Provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any sources cited in your Research Assignment or Dissertation.

43. Works Cited
Dickens, Charles. Bleak House New York: Penguin, 1985.
---. David Copperfield New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1958.
Miller, J. Hillis. Charles Dickens: The World and His Novels. Bloomington: U of
Indiana P, 1958.
Zwerdling, Alex. “Esther Summerson Rehabilitated.” PMLA 88 (May 1973):

44. Works Cited
Most citations should contain the following basic information:
Author’s name
Title of work
Publication information

45. Works Cited: Some Examples
Book
Byatt, A. S. Babel Tower. New York: Random House, 1996.
Article in a Magazine
Klein, Joe. “Dizzy Days.” The New Yorker 5 Oct. 1998:
Web page
Poland, Dave. “The Hot Button.” Roughcut. 26 Oct Turner Network Television. 28 Oct <

46. Works Cited List A newspaper article
Tommasini, Anthony. “Master Teachers Whose Artistry Glows in Private.” New York Times 27 Oct. 1998: B2.
A source with no known author
“Cigarette Sales Fall 30% as California Tax Rises.” New York Times 14 Sept. 1999: A17.

47. Works Cited List A TV interview
McGwire, Mark. Interview with Matt Lauer. The Today Show. NBC. WTHR, Indianapolis. 22 Oct
A personal interview
Mellencamp, John. Personal interview. 27 Oct. 1998

48. The End