1. Organic Chemistry C H H C C H C H H O C

2. Write condensed structural formulas for and name common alcohols.
Include: uses of common alcohols
Additional KEY Terms
functional group phenols

4. Most derivatives are the functional group.
Organic compounds that replace hydrogen atoms with non-hydrocarbons.
Functional groups:
Units within organic molecules that are responsible for most of the chemical and physical properties.
Most derivatives are the functional group.

5. Alcohols and the Hydroxyl Group

6. R The functional group of alcohol is the hydroxyl group.
general form: R – OH
don’t confuse hydroxyl group with hydroxide ion.
(R represents any hydrocarbon chain) R H O
hydroxyl group

7. C4H10OH(l) C4H10OH(aq) NaOH(s) Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Hydroxide ion - inorganic compounds
NaOH(s) Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Charged particles attracting to form ionic bond - dissociates in water
Hydroxyl group - organic alcohols
C4H10OH(l) C4H10OH(aq)
Covalently bonded functional group - does not dissociate in water

8. Properties of Alcohols:
Polar covalent: < 5C (small) are soluble in water
Strong IMF (H-bonding) gives high bp/mp R H O δ- δ+

9. O - H O - H CH3 - CH2 - CH2 CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH - CH3δ- δ+
CH3 - CH2 - CH2
O - H
polar overall - dissolves
In longer chains:
The non-polar nature of large hydrocarbon chains hides the polar nature of the small hydroxyl group.
non-polar overall δ- δ+
CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH - CH3
O - H

10. Glycerol:
C3H8O3 (1,2,3 – propanetriol)
A sugar alcohol used as an artificial sweetener
Major component in fats (triglycerides)
Used in pharmaceuticals / personal care products
Strong IMF between the molecules make glycerol really thick, like honey.

11. Alcohols with more than one OH group are named as diols, triols ...
Naming Alcohols
1. Identify the parent chain (longest chain with OH)
2. Replace the – e ending with – ol
3. Number the carbons (hydroxyl has the lowest #)
4. Number the location of the hydroxyl group.
5. Name any alkyl branches (alphabetically)
Alcohols with more than one OH group are named as diols, triols ...

12. CH3 - CH2 - OH Ethanol OH OH Ethandiol CH3 - CH - CH3 2- propanol CH3
drinking alcohol
2- propanol
isopropyl alcohol
CH3 - CH - CH3 OH
Ethandiol
CH3 - CH - CH - CH2 - CH - CH3 OH
CH3
CH2-CH3
4-ethyl-5-methyl-2-hexanol

13. Condensed - CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH(OH)CH3
4-methyl-2-pentanol

14. Phenols -. one hydroxyl group attached to an
Phenols - one hydroxyl group attached to an aromatic ring (benzene ring)
2-Methylphenol
o-cresol
CH3 OH
3-Methylphenol
m-cresol
4-Methylphenol
p-cresol

15. Double/triple bonds are easily broken
hydration reaction
C C + H H O H O H H
C - C O
Double/triple bonds are easily broken

16. Write condensed structural formulas for and name common alcohols.
Include: uses of common alcohols
Additional KEY Terms
functional group phenols