1. 29.2, 29.3, & 29.4

2.  Major Functions: anchor plant to soil, absorb and transport water and nutrients, and store water and organic compounds  How do they develop? When a seed sprouts it produces a primary root. Can become the largest root (taproot) or develop numerous small roots (fibrous roots)

3.  Taproot: if the primary root becomes the longest root.  Fibrous roots: Numerous small roots develop and branch  Adventitious roots: specialized roots that grow from uncommon places  Root hairs: increase surface area to increase its ability to absorb water & minerals from soil

4. Roots increase in length through cell division, elongation, and maturation in the apical meristem in the root tip.

5.  Three types of stems:  Stolons  Tubers  Fleshy  Main function: adapted to support leaves and transport materials and provide storage

6.  Xylem: transports water  Phloem: transports nutrients  Epidermis: outer layer of the stem; protects the plant and to reduce the loss of water while still allowing gas exchange to happen  Pith: located in the center of the stem  Vascular Bundles: bundles of vascular tissue scattered throughout the ground tissue.

7.  Cohesion-tension theory: water is pulled up the stem xylem by the strong attraction of water molecules to each other (cohesion) while “sticking” to the walls of the xylem (adhesion)

8.  Main function: Primary site of photosynthesis  External appearance: Leaves come in a variety of shapes and sizes; consist of 3 tissue systems (dermal, vascular, and ground)

9. PartFunction EpidermisSingle layer of cells that makes up the outer layer of the leaf CuticleNearly impermeable layer coating the epidermis Palisade LayerSite of most photosynthesis Spongy LayerIrregularly shaped cells, which allow oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water to diffuse into and out of the leaf StomaOpenings in the epidermis that allow fore oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water enter and exit the leaf Guard CellModified cells on the leaf epidermis that regulate gas and water exchange

10.  Flower parts in multiples of three  Major leaf veins parallel  Stem vascular bundles scattered  Flower parts in multiples of four or five  Major leaf veins reticulated (like a net)  Stem vascular bundles in a ring