2. Re-cap BMI WHR

3. Definitions Mass: the body’s total weight. Body composition: The relative percentage of muscle, fat, bone, and other tissues that comprise the body. Fat mass: is made up of fat (adipose tissue). Percentage body fat: % of total body weight that is composed of fat. Lean body mass: Lean body mass is the weight of a person's body minus the fat. This includes muscle, bones, organs, and other nonfat tissue.

4. Definitions Underfat: too little body weight comprised of fat. Overfat: too much of the body weight comprised of fat. Obese: extreme overfatness. Moderately Overweight: 20% over desirable body weight. Severely overweight: 40% over desirable body weight.

5. Proper uses of results: - Serve as baseline data for repeated testing. -Provide motivation for goal setting. -Provide awareness about health risks. -Estimate athlete’s optimal body weight. -Monitor changes in body composition (Athletes, children, overweight persons) Proper uses of results: - Serve as baseline data for repeated testing. -Provide motivation for goal setting. -Provide awareness about health risks. -Estimate athlete’s optimal body weight. -Monitor changes in body composition (Athletes, children, overweight persons) BMI WHR Skinfold assessment BMI WHR Skinfold assessment Body Composition Testing

6. Levels of Body Fatness Men Women Essential fat 5% 10% Borderline 6-9% 11-16% Good fitness - health10-20% 17-28% Marginal fitness21-25% 29-35% Overfatness > 25% > 35% Essential fat: the minimum amount of fat in the body necessary to maintain healthy living Nonessential fat: extra fat, or fat reserves stored in the body.

7. Body Composition Assessment Techniques Skinfold Technique Layers of subcutaneous fat are measured at different sites of body to estimate total body fat levels. Advantages Fairly accurate Easy to perform Inexpensive Disadvantages Human error

8. 4 Site Triceps Biceps Subscapular Suprailiac 4 Site Triceps Biceps Subscapular Suprailiac Common Skinfold Sites 7 Site Chest Axilla Triceps Subscapular Abdomen Supraillium Thigh 7 Site Chest Axilla Triceps Subscapular Abdomen Supraillium Thigh

9. Skinfold Technique Pg 158 The skinfold assessment test is carried out using a skinfold caliper. Pre-measurement Instructions: Measurements should not be taken after training or competition, sauna, swimming or showering. Exercise, warm water and heat can produce dehydration or increased blood flow = inaccurate results.

10. Skinfold Technique Pg 158 1.Take the measurements on the left hand side of the body. 2.Mark up the client accurately. 3.Using your forefinger and thumb, pinch the skin 1 cm on either side of the mark. 4.Pull the fat away from the muscle. 5.Place the caliper halfway between the top and bottom of the skinfold. 6.Allow the caliper to settle for one or two seconds. 7.Take the reading and wait 15 seconds before repeating for accuracy. 8.Add up the total of the four measurements. 9.Calculate body fat % using the table.

11. Body Fat & Sports Performance Excess body fat can negatively influence many types of sport performance requiring jumping and running. High ratios of fat free mass to fat mass are generally positively related to sport. Athletes are leaner than sedentary individuals – regardless of gender. Extremely low fat mass in women can result in health problems (Refer: “too thin”).

12. Body Fat & Sports Performance Swimmer Ballet dancer Ballet dancer Rugby player Rugby player Volleyball player Volleyball player Body builder Body builder Sumo Wrestler Sumo Wrestler