1. History of Glass 17 Glass & Glazing
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2. Early Glass Production
History of Glass
Early Glass Production
Blowpipe on other side of punty removed leaving a hole
Largest known piece of glass in a public bath at Pompeii
By 10th century A.D. the Venetian Island of Murano had become major center for glassmaking
Crown glass and cylinder glass were produced
Crown glass process
Blowing large glass sphere
Iron rod called punty used to hold glass
Reheating sphere resulting in crown 30”+ in diameter
Cooled and cut
Face Shield
Hand Shield
Punty
Disk or crown shaped glass
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3. Early Glass Production
History of Glass
Early Glass Production
Blowing glass spheres
Swinging action resulting in cylinder
Cylinder glass process
Blowing large glass sphere
Swinging action resulted in cylinder
Hemispherical ends were cut
Cylinder slit lengthwise and reheated to flatten into rectangular sheet
Cut into panes
Crown glass favored over cylinder glass because of surface quality
Cylinder glass was more economical
Hemispherical ends are cut
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4. From Crown to Float Glass
History of Glass
From Crown to Float Glass
Lack of optical quality of crown and cylinder glass gave way to introduction of plate glass in 17th century France
Molten glass was cast into frames
Spread into sheets
Cooled and ground flat
Polished and cut
Cylinder process evovled in 19th Century
In 20th century drawn glass was produced
In 1959 Pilkington started producing float glass which is the basis of all modern day glass
Float Glass Production Process
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5. Float Glass Finishing and Cutting
History of Glass
Float Glass Ribbon Emerging from Annealing Lehr
Float Glass Finishing and Cutting
Glass is floated on molten tin and hardens on it producing parallel surfaces, high optical quality and brilliant surface finish
Automatic cutting can produce glass to desired sizes
Annealing Lehr gradually cools the glass to avoid locked-in stresses
Glazing is the installation of glass or the transparent material in a glazed opening
Installer of glass is called glazier
Individual pieces are called lights or lites
Track-mounted Cutting
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6. The Material Glass 17 Glass & Glazing
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7. Advanced Glazing Systems
The Material Glass
Advanced Glazing Systems
Glass is the most-used cladding material for tall buildings due to its strength, light weight, durability, and wide range of available optical and thermal properties
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8. Advanced Glazing Systems
The Material Glass
Advanced Glazing Systems
Glass has seemingly unlimited optical and aesthetic possibilities
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9. Glass Ingredients and Thicknesses
The Material Glass
Tempered Glass is Used in Store Front For Strength and Breakage Safety
Glass Ingredients and Thicknesses
Glass is made from
Sand (silicone dioxide)
Soda ash (sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate)
Lime (calcium)
Alumina
Potassium oxide
Glass is supercooled liquid and in sheet form strength is impacted by imperfections in glass
Thicknesses range from approximately 3/32 inch (single strength) to 1/8 inch (double strength) to 1 inch.
Heat treatments such as tempering impact glass strength and uses
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10. Glass Types by Heat Treatment and Strength
The Material Glass
Laminated Glass Used in Sloped Glazing Provides Safety Against Falling Shards
Glass Types by Heat Treatment and Strength
Annealed glass
Regular float glass which is cooled slowly to reduce in built stress
Tempered glass
Produced by cutting annealed glass to required size, reheating and then cooling rapidly. Higher strength and breaks into small shards
Heat-strengthened glass
Between annealed and tempered with breakage behavior like annealed
Laminated glass
Sandwich of multiple layers of glass with PVB interlayer. Suitable for security applications as glass stays in place
Fire-rated glass
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11. Glass Types by Architectural Treatments
The Material Glass
Glass Types by Architectural Treatments
Fritted Glass Used to Create Patterns
Patterned glass
Hot glass can be rolled into sheets with many different surface textures and patterns to obscure vision for privacy
Fritted glass
Pigmented glass particles called frits are used to imprint glass. Glass is dried and fired in tempering furnace to make it permanent
Spandrel glass
Used to cover bands of floor/wall around the floor edges. Usually tempered or heat strengthened with insulation behind them
Darker Colored Spandrel Glass
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12. Glass For Controlling Solar Radiation
The Material Glass
Glass For Controlling Solar Radiation
Building With Reflective Coated Glass
Tinted Glass
Made by adding small amounts of selected chemical elements to the molten glass mixture
Reflective Glass or Solar Control Glass
Thin Durable films of metal or metal oxide are deposited on the surface of either tinted glass or clear glass to make the glass reflective. The film turns away significant portion of solar radiation
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13. Impact of Glass Type on Control of Visible Light and Solar Radiation
The Material Glass
Impact of Glass Type on Control of Visible Light and Solar Radiation
Effect of Three Different Glazing Assemblies on Incoming Sunlight – Outside is on Left
Transmitted Radiation
Reflected Radiation
Absorbed Radiation
Re-radiation
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14. Glass and Thermal Considerations
The Material Glass
Glass and Thermal Considerations
Two Methods of Sealing Edge of Double Glazing
IGU – Insulating Glass Unit
Made of multiple glass with sealed air space reducing conductance, single glazing is single glass, double glazing is two sheets and triple glazing is three sheets of glass
Space filled by air or inert gas in a hermetically sealed cavity
Different spacers used including warm-edge spacer
Performance given in terms of U values
Low Emissivity coated glass (Low-e)
Formed with transparent metallic coating to improve thermal performance
Located on surface 2 and sometimes on surface 3.
Improves thermal performance
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15. Glass and Thermal Considerations
The Material Glass
Glass and Thermal Considerations
Glass Properties Impacting Thermal Visual Performance
Visible Light Transmittance - VT
Ratio of visible light passing to the amount striking the glass
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient - SHGC
Ratio of heat admitted to the amount striking the glass
Light Solar Gain Ratio – LSG
Ratio of VT to SHGC
Gla
zing
Type VT
SHG C
LSG U 1 R 2
Single
glazing
, clear
0.90
0.85
1.3
1.1
6.3
0.91
0.16
Double glazing, clear
0.79
0.70
0.47
2.7
2.1
0.37
Double glazing,
medium
gray tinted
0.40
0.45
0.9
Triple glazing, clear
0.53
0.52
1.0
0.34
1.9
2.9
0.5 Do
uble glazing,
clear ,
low -
e (low SHGC)
0.64
0.27
2.4
0.28
1.6
3.6
0.63
Double glazing, clear,
e (high SHGC), argon filled
0.78
1.2
1.5
3.7
0.65
Factor :
Btu / ft hr o F
followed by W m K
Value
F/Btu
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16. Glass and Thermal Considerations
The Material Glass
Glass and Thermal Considerations
The label on this fabricator's glass sample indicates that this IGU consists of
a ¼"-thick low-e, annealed lite (with the trade name Solarban 60)
a ½" spacer and
a ¼" clear annealed light.
VLT of 0.70
SC of 0.44
SHGC of 0.38
U-Value of 0.29
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17. Glazing 17 Glass & Glazing
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
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18. Glazing
Glazing Small Lights
Alternative Methods of Single Glazing Small Lights – Outdoor Side on Left
Not subject to excessive wind force or stresses due to thermal expansion
Glass first held in place by Glazier’s points and then sealed on outside with putty followed by painting
Factory glazed units employ improved putties or glazing compounds which stay elastic for longer period of time
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
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19. Glazing
Glazing Large Lights
Glaziers Install Lights of Glass that Weigh as Much as 125 pounds (57 kg)
Large lights, those over 6 ft2 (0.6 m2) require more care in glazing due to stresses
Design objectives are
Support weight of glass without abnormal stress patterns
Support glass against wind pressure and suction
Allow for expansion and contraction of glass and frame without damage
Avoid contact of glass with any hard material such as frame
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
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20. Glazing
Glazing Large Lights
Alternative Methods of Single Glazing Large Lights – Outdoor Side on Left
Setting blocks are of synthetic rubber and support weight of glass
Bite or depth of grip on the edge of glass of certain amount is required to resist wind load
Glazing components used between frame and glass are either wet or dry such as
Preformed solid tape sealant made of polybutene
Wedge or roll in gasket
Lock strip gasket
In good design reliance for waterproofing relies on wet and dry seals in conjunction with pressure equalization and drainage
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
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21. Lockstrip Gasket Installation in Progress and Completed
Glazing
Glazing Large Lights
Lockstrip Gasket Installation in Progress and Completed
Lockstrip gasket is a dry glazing method
It is faster, easier and less dependent on workmanship then wet glazing method
Wet glazing with good workmanship is more effective
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
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22. Advanced Glazing Systems
Mullionless Butt-Joint Glazing With Single Glazing
Butt-joint glazing system
Head and sill of the glass sheets are supported conventionally in metal frames, but vertical mullions are eliminated
The vertical joints between sheets of glass are made by injection of colorless silicone sealant
There is a strong effect of unbroken horizontal band of glass around the building
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
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23. Advanced Glazing Systems
Mullionless Butt-Joint System Seen from the Outside
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24. Advanced Glazing Systems
Horizontal strip windows that need to appear mullionless only from the outside can use a mullion on the inside
Sill and head are conventionally glazed
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
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25. Advanced Glazing Systems
Glass Mounted With Four-Side Structural Silicone Glazing
Structural silicone flush glazing
The metal mullions lie entirely inside the glass with glass adhered to the mullion by silicone sealant
Outside skin is completely flush
Systems with critical silicone work done in factory are also possible
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
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26. Advanced Glazing Systems
Steps in assembly of a mullion for a four-side structural silicone exterior flush glazing system
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
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27. Advanced Glazing Systems
Structural Spacer Glazing is a proprietary system
The glass is fastened to the mullion with an aluminum pressure plate.
The face is then sealed
Desiccant is integrated into the system
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
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28. Advanced Glazing Systems
Glass Suspended from Above With Vertical Glass Stiffeners
Suspended Glazing Systems and Glass Mullion System
Used primarily for high walls of glass around building lobbies
Tempered glass sheets are suspended from above and stabilized by tempered glass perpendicular stiffeners
Metal fittings are used to join multiple sheets of glass
Stainless steel cables and fittings are used in roof applications
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
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29. Advanced Glazing Systems
Four point spider fitting
Adjustable vertical stainless steel rod carries the load to the structure above
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
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30. Advanced Glazing Systems
A suspended glazing system with "saddle" (anticlastic) curvature keeps the entire wall system in tension.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
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31. Advanced Glazing Systems
The spider fittings and cable system must resist wind, seismic, and dead loads without inducing bending forces in the glass or creating stress concentrations around the points of attachment
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
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32. Advanced Glazing Systems
The glass wall obtains additional stiffness where the cable system is tied to adjacent columns.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
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33. Advanced Glazing Systems
Insulating laminated glass units serve as roof
Laminated glass fins serve as beams
Vertical rods take the load from the fins
Vertical rods transfer load to cables which in turn transfers it to steel trusses
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34. Advanced Glazing Systems
Vertical rods take the load from the fins
Vertical rods transfer load to cables which in turn transfers it to the steel trusses
Upward arching cables provide wind uplift resistance
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35. Leaded Stained Glass Glazing
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
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36. MasterFormat Sections For Glass
17 Glass and Glazing
MasterFormat Sections For Glass
CSI/CSC MasterFormat Sections for Glass
GLAZING
Glass Glazing
Mirrors
Plastic Glazing
Glazing Accessories
Special Function Glazing
Hurricane-Resistant Glazing
Cable-Suspended Glazing
Pressure-Resistant Glazing
Radiation-Resistant Glazing
Security Glazing
Ballistics-Resistant Glazing
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
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