1. Maritime Domain Awareness The Key to Maritime Security

2. Thousands of Years of History …
Lack of Policy or Systems Architecture/ Structure
A Culture of Secrecy
The Dark Side of Maritime Transportation
Transparency (MDA) As a Partial Answer
See Lloyd’s text
Then – the remainder of these slides discusses how we in the USCG think about Maritime Domain Awareness, and some of the mental models that we use.

3. Across the Maritime Domain
Maritime Governance
Maritime Stewardship
Maritime Safety
Maritime Security
International Partners
Private Sector
Regimes
(Policy Sets)
Awareness
Operations
State, & Local Govt
Federal/DOD
Integrated Effort
Key Discussion Points or Choices to be Made:
Answers these questions:
How? (Security Regimes, MDA, Security Operations)
Who? (Federal, State, Local, Private, Internationa)
Where? (Our waters, Global Commons, Foreign waters)
Why? (To address threats and achieve CG objectives)
A static depiction of the four dimensions that make up our activities (its not a rubic’s cube that you spin…it’s a visual depiction of the dimensions of layered security
Fill this cube with activity and you achieve layered security
Gives us one way to have a common architecture-template for all subordinate mission-program plans
Not perfect, but repeatable and consistent
Foreign
Ports
Global Commons
Approaches US
Ports
Across the Maritime Domain

4. Maritime Domain Awareness MDA = Intel + Situational Awareness
“…the effective understanding of anything associated with the global maritime domain that could impact the security, safety, economy, or environment of the United States.” – National Plan to Achieve Maritime Domain Awareness or
MDA = Intel + Situational Awareness
Top is definition from National Strategy for Maritime Security signed by the president.
Bottom is shorthand – maybe use the ADM Ulrich story

5. Maritime Domain Awareness MDA = Intelligence + Situational Awareness
Observables
Collect Fuse Analyze Disseminate
Decide/Act
Vessels
People
Facilities
Cargo
Infrastructure
Sea lanes
Threats
Friendly forces
Weather
Sensors
Operators & field personnel
Intel. agencies
Open source
Private sector data
Law Enf
Intl Sources
Strategic
Operational
Tactical
Tracks w/ tracks
Data w/ data
Tracks w/ Data
Anomaly Detection
Pattern Recog & analysis
Compare w/ rules
Research tools
Networks
Displays (COP/UDOP)
Command Centers
Maritime Domain Awareness is essential to all maritime activities. Even if is limited to a radar picture on the bridge of a ship, or, for a recreational boater who has had too much beer on a Sunday afternoon, just the knowledge that land lies somewhere to the west, meaningful actions must be informed by some level of understanding.
This graphic shows how we view the awareness process linking the observables that exist in the real world with the actions that decision makers may or may not want to take in response. It is a process that involves (1) Collection of data; (2) Fusion, or organizing and correlating the data that has been collected so that you know what goes with what; (3) Analysis; and then (4) Dissemination of the resulting information to those who need it.
MDA = Intelligence + Situational Awareness

6. Maritime Domain Awareness MDA = Intelligence + Situational Awareness
Observables
Collect Fuse Analyze Disseminate
Decide/Act
Vessels
People
Facilities
Cargo
Infrastructure
Sea lanes
Threats
Friendly forces
Weather
Sensors
Operators & field personnel
Intel. agencies
Open source
Private sector data
Law Enf
Intl Sources
Strategic
Operational
Tactical
Tracks w/ tracks
Data w/ data
Tracks w/ Data
Anomaly Detection
Pattern Recog & analysis
Compare w/ rules
Research tools
Networks
Displays (COP/UDOP)
Command Centers
Collection involves gathering in both vessel tracks and data from as many sources as possible.
MDA = Intelligence + Situational Awareness

7. Coastal AIS Nationwide Patrol Ships & Aircraft Vessel Traffic Systems
Collect
AIS Satellite
IMO Global Tracking
Coastal AIS Nationwide
AIS Buoy
Coastal Radar
Patrol Ships & Aircraft
Collection of voluntary reports, such as AIS, as shown by the yellow fans, and collection by direct sensing using radar and other means, as shown in the blue.
Vessel Traffic Systems

8. Vessel Characteristics
Collect – Data Sources
Vessel Characteristics
People –
Passengers
Vessel
History
People –
Crew
It also means collecting data. Blips on a screen are mostly meaningless until they are enhanced by background data of many kinds – crew, passengers, cargo, vessel history, etc.
Cargo

9. Maritime Domain Awareness MDA = Intelligence + Situational Awareness
Observables
Collect Fuse Analyze Disseminate
Decide/Act
Vessels
People
Facilities
Cargo
Infrastructure
Sea lanes
Threats
Friendly forces
Weather
Sensors
Operators & field personnel
Intel. agencies
Open source
Private sector data
Law Enf
Intl Sources
Strategic
Operational
Tactical
Tracks w/ tracks
Data w/ data
Tracks w/ Data
Anomaly Detection
Pattern Recog & analysis
Compare w/ rules
Research tools
Networks
Displays (COP/UDOP)
Command Centers
Once all this data is collected, it must be fused or organized.
MDA = Intelligence + Situational Awareness

10. Vessel Track Fusion
This involves fusion of sensor information to form a single contact for a single vessel,

11. Vessel Characteristics
Data Fusion
Vessel Characteristics
People –
Passengers
Crew
Cargo
Vessel
History
Vessel A
Characteristics
Vessel B
But it also means that static data about the vessel, data on its cargo, crew and passengers, must all be correlated, and

12. Vessel Track & Data Fusion
Vessel A
Characteristics
History
Crew
Passengers
Cargo
Then associated with the dynamic vessel track.

13. Maritime Domain Awareness MDA = Intelligence + Situational Awareness
Observables
Collect Fuse Analyze Disseminate
Decide/Act
Vessels
People
Facilities
Cargo
Infrastructure
Sea lanes
Threats
Friendly forces
Weather
Sensors
Operators & field personnel
Intel. agencies
Open source
Private sector data
Law Enf
Intl Sources
Strategic
Operational
Tactical
Tracks w/ tracks
Data w/ data
Tracks w/ Data
Anomaly Detection
Pattern Recog & analysis
Compare w/ rules
Research tools
Networks
Displays (COP/UDOP)
Command Centers
The resulting fused relevant data is then subjected to automated, and sometime human analysis,
MDA = Intelligence + Situational Awareness

14. Fuse & Analyze
With the result being that the sorting process is completed and vessels that are of interest, as well as those that are known threats, are identified, as you see on the lower left. Data has been turned into information.

15. Maritime Domain Awareness MDA = Intelligence + Situational Awareness
Observables
Collect Fuse Analyze Disseminate
Decide/Act
Vessels
People
Facilities
Cargo
Infrastructure
Sea lanes
Threats
Friendly forces
Weather
Sensors
Operators & field personnel
Intel. agencies
Open source
Private sector data
Law Enf
Intl Sources
Strategic
Operational
Tactical
Tracks w/ tracks
Data w/ data
Tracks w/ Data
Anomaly Detection
Pattern Recog & analysis
Compare w/ rules
Research tools
Networks
Displays (COP/UDOP)
Command Centers
This information must then be provided to those who need it. This requires networks, for transmission,
MDA = Intelligence + Situational Awareness

16. Disseminate – COP/ UDOP
A display of a Common Operating Picture, or a User Defined Operating Picture as we are describing it more frequently,
Comments about services oriented architecture, UDOP, empowering the entire enforcement and defense community from the wildlife protection officer in a small boat to national decision makers.

17. Disseminate – Command Centers
Data -> Information -> Knowledge -> Action
And an operations or command center – a place for watch standers, analysis, and decision makers to view and discuss the information received. This is where information turns into knowledge, and knowledge supports action.

18. National Strategy for Maritime Security
THE
NATIONAL STRATEGY
FOR
MARITIME SECURITY
September 2005
National Strategy for Maritime Security
8 subordinate plans
Big 3:
Global Maritime Intelligence Integration
Maritime Operational Threat Response
National Plan to Achieve Maritime Domain Awareness
Other 5:
International Outreach and Coordination Strategy
Maritime Infrastructure Recovery Plan
Maritime Transportation System Security Plan
Maritime Commerce Security Plan
Domestic Outreach Plan

19. National MDA Implementation
Maritime Security
Policy Coordinating
Committee
White House
(NSC/HSC)
MDA
Implementation Team
DHS = USCG
DOD = JS/J5
DHS = USCG DOD = JS/J5
DOD = NORTHCOM/J5
DHS = USCG
CONOPS
Workgroup
Req & Capabilities
Workgroup
MDA-IT Composition
Note. National Plan to Achieve MDA POTUS Approved 17 Oct 05
Reports to MSPCC per MDA Plan, Section IV
Membership from MSWG agencies
Provides an opportunity for all federal maritime stakeholder agencies to participate if they choose.
Co-Chairs: DOD & DHS
DOD Chair: O JS J5, Deputy Director Western Hemisphere Affairs
DHS Chair: O HQCG CG-7M, Director Maritime Domain Awareness
Key Tasks / Working Groups:
Develop (National) MDA Concept of Operations (CONOPS)
Requirements & Capabilities (R&C) Working groups
Battlespace Awareness (Collection)
Battlespace Awareness (Analysis & Fusion)
Net Centric (Dissemination)
Develop coherent interagency MDA investment strategy
Validate and implement MDA capabilities listed in Appendix B of the National Plan to Achieve MDA
Collection
(Battle Space
Awareness)
Fusion & Analysis
(Battle Space
Awareness)
Dissemination
(Net-Centric)

20. National MDA Implementation Process
NSMS, MDA, GMII, MOTR
Note: Various capabilities for MDA being programmed independently by individual agencies for FY06–08
Appendix B
R & C WG
MDA
CONOPS
CONOPS WG
Capabilities
(FAA)
Requirements
& Gaps
(FNA)
Vulnerability X
Threat
Criticality
Likelihood
LE & Intel Community
Organization(s) TBD
Prioritized Objectives
MDA-IT has two deliverables:
A national Concept of Operations that will describe how the federal government will organized and function to obtain and improve MDA…
Investment Strategy WG
Investment Strategy
Capability Monitor/Oversight
Departmental Budgeting
& Programming System

21. National MDA Implementation Process
NSMS, MDA, GMII, MOTR
Note: Various capabilities for MDA being programmed independently by individual agencies for FY06–08
Appendix B
R & C WG
MDA
CONOPS
CONOPS WG
Capabilities
(FAA)
Requirements
& Gaps
(FNA)
Vulnerability X
Threat
Criticality
Likelihood
LE & Intel Community
Organization(s) TBD
Prioritized Objectives
…and a national investment strategy that, based upon a requirements and gap analysis, will identify which federal department will be responsible for filling which gaps.
Investment Strategy WG
Investment Strategy
Capability Monitor/Oversight
Departmental Budgeting
& Programming System

22. MDA Data Sharing Community Of Interest
Feb 2006: Community of Interest formed between DoD, DHS, and DOT
Sharing of MDA Data using Net-Centric Enterprise Services (NCES) and Homeland Security Information Network (HSIN) infrastructures
First spiral: Unclas Automatic Identification System (AIS)
4 publishers from Navy, Coast Guard, Volpe Center
4 subscriber systems (legacy and user-defined)
Common Vocabulary formed and published to DoD Metadata Registry
COI Developers’ Page link at:
Pilot of Unclas AIS data sharing demonstrated October 2006 and December 2006 to executive-level audiences
Way ahead: Perform Military Utility Assessment, expand AIS footprint, add AIS services, add other MDA data types (e.g., people, cargo, etc.)
USCG Technical Action Officer: Jay Spalding, USCG R&D Center, Groton CT,