1. “Where were you last summer?” “In Majorca.” “Where is that?” “I don’t know, I flew there.” Americans and Geography

2. What Makes Us Travel? Push/Pull Sunlust Wanderlust

3. Gray (1970) Travel Motivation Theory Wanderlust –A desire to learn –To seek an unknown place –Also called “seeking” Sunlust –A desire for rest and relaxation –To find specific facilities that do not exist at the place of residence –Also called “escaping”

4. Practically Speaking Involves people from point A traveling to point B and then returning to point A

5. Time & Distance In the United States, tourism is typically considered travel (ABA) that is at least 100 miles from point A to point B, and has a duration of at least 24 hours This should include spending the night at point B and not just 24 hours of driving

6. Border Political Social/Economic Temporal Topographical/ Geographical Mental/State of Mind Artificial

7. The Image A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America “…adventure was originally that which happened without design…now in common usage it is primarily a contrived experience that somebody is trying to sell us”

8. Sight Would the average person (the tourist), know which piece of modern art was worth visiting, which building was important or which vineyard had the best grapes?

9. Terms Authenticity Cultural Imperialism Intervening Opportunity Site/Sight The Grand Tour The Package Tour

10. Sight/Marker We need a sign to say that a vineyard is Mondovi We need a marker to indicate which building is a Van der Rohe We need a marker to tell us which is a Matisse (and even why Matisse is important)

11. Why IYHW? Stereotypes for cultures and places were actually increased (rather than decreased) though this form of tourism as Westerners demanded to see what they already expected, rather than what was really there

12. Myths So, instead of destroying myths and stereotypes between countries, mass tourism perpetrates them

13. Tourism Tourists seek the unique Mass tourism packages the unique Culture and geography are reduced to a few standard elements Tourist learns these before he begins his tour…

14. Selective Awareness Thus, the tourist is aware of his foreign environment only when he reaches the spot of interest – one of the select standard elements

15. Mass Tourism So, while the desire to experience the novel and strange has increased, these actual qualities of these experiences have decreased in tourism

16. ??? So if we’re not going to learn anything, why are we going? (And you can argue this – you may say that we are going to learn something)

17. Sightseeing Briefly, sightseeing in modern society can serve as a representation of good and evil (often to reinforce a moral base)

18. Sightseeing Visiting the finer monuments and attractions of society produces feelings of respect and admiration (either for one’s own society or for the visited one)

19. Sightseeing Equally important, is the attitude of disgust associated with seeing muggings, abandoned buildings, polluted rivers, etc. It helps to keep the moral order intact It makes you glad as a tourist that you do not live there

20. Strength through Joy “Kraft durch Freude” (KdF) A state controlled leisure organization (part of the German Labor Front) Set up to promote National Socialism Became the world’s largest tourism operator during the 1930s

21. Strength through Joy “Kraft durch Freude” (KdF) I wish that the worker be granted a sufficient holiday and that everything is done, in order to let this holiday as well all other leisure time to be truly recreational.

22. Strength through Joy “Kraft durch Freude” (KdF) Perfection and refinement of the German people through very structure leisure/recreational programs (Think back to leisure being dependent on perceived freedom)

23. Strength through Joy “Kraft durch Freude” (KdF) The KdF-Wagen was an affordable car promoted to the German public for travel

24. The Case of Torremolinos Fishing Village in Spain Destination for the “beautiful people” Discovered by Hitler Catered to Germans Forgotten for other destinations

25. The Word “Tourism” From the French verb retourner From The Grand Tour

26. The Grand Tour 17 th and 18 th centuries Diplomats, businessmen and scholars, wealthy young men Three year trip was common

27. The Grand Tour Was not superficial – resulted in a very complete knowledge of the places visited, including languages and detailed traditions Paris, Genoa, Milan, Florence, Rome, Venice, Germany, the Low Countries, Switzerland and even Greece and Egypt

28. The Grand Tour (Legacy) Tourism and The Grand Tour were very elitist Many of the locations visited on The Grand Tour are still popular destinations today

29. Mass Tourism The Package Tour –Combined transportation, lodgings, sightseeing, money exchange, etc. –First organized by Thomas Cook (1841) –Cook organized them to allow people to attend temperance meetings (of the Baptist church) –Cook negotiated a special fare due to the large number of people

30. Mass Tourism Cook organized a tour to Paris in 1855 for the expo By 1864, Cook had offices in Rome, New York, London, Paris and other major cities Mass tourism is directly connected to religious tourism

31. Religious Pilgrimages The first true mass tourists were religious pilgrims For reasons of safety, traveling in mass was advisable The average person worked too hard to afford the time to travel (unless for a religious reason)

32. Pilgrimages Religious pilgrimages often incorporated many of the element of modern travel: –Lodging –Souvenirs (shopping) –Eating (feasts as well as establishments that served food) –Festivals (entertainment, events and holidays)

33. Religion and Tourism Religious sites are still popular tourist destinations for believers and non- believers There was a “pilgrimage season” in medieval Europe, almost like a vacation period

34. Cohen’s Typology Relationship between novelty and familiarity –Institutionalized Organized Mass Tourist Individual Mass Tourist –Non-Institutionalized Explorer Drifter

35. Organized Mass Tourist novelty / FAMILIARITY –Least adventurous – prefers “microenvironment” of home country –Guided tour (in air-conditioned bus) –Fixed trip itinerary (makes few, if any, decisions) –Package deal tourism is just another item to buy like a suit or a ballgame ticket

36. Individual Mass Tourist Novelty /FAMILIARITY –Not bound to a group, but… Most arrangements still made through some kind of tourist-related agency Most of experiences are the same as the OMT- sticks to well-charted territory Novelty is somewhat more important, although it is typically routine novelty A bit more spontaneous??

37. Explorer Novelty/ Familiarity –Makes own arrangements (alone) –Deviates from tried and true routes (although accommodations and transportation are still usually westernized) –Leaves “environmental bubble” but it is never out of sight

38. The Explorer Communication is attempted and the common tourist places avoided Most of the observation is still aesthetic however No real intellectual communication attempted

39. The Explorer Actually, by avoiding the tried and true, the explorer (hence the name) “discovers” new places and new select elements to visit – thus spearheading new places for mass tourism

40. The Drifter

41. A genuine modern phenomenon (a modern take on the Grand Tour, without the formal educational component) –Young –Usually a student –A child of affluence (although he usually reacts against it) –Moves around the world in search of new experiences –Once done, usually rejoins the establishment

42. The Drifter No itinerary No purpose Wants to prolong travels (often to avoid “growing up”) Not concerned with bodily comforts Prefers “kindred souls” to the host country’s elite

43. Drifter NOVELTY/ familiarity –Shuns connections with other tourists or the tourist establishment –Considers tourist experience to be phony –“Lives” in host community, gets odd-jobs to make money, has no time schedule –Adopts their language, customs, food, clothing –Rejects his home culture almost completely (save memories of dear relatives or very important traditions)

44. Ideas Related to Sustainable Tourism See Your World. Learn Your World. Protect Your World.