1. Chapter 3 Nature, Nurture, and Human Development

2. Behavior Genetics
Behavior Geneticists - Weigh the effects of our environment and heredity
The basics
Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 from mom/23 from dad)
Chromosomes contain DNA
Genes are small parts of the DNA
Genomes – complete instructions for making an individual (all the genetic material)
If specific genes can be identified with disorders, gives a biological understanding

3. Genetics

4. Twin & Adoption Studies
Identical twins
don’t just look the same
Come from one egg and are “genetically” identical
Fraternal twins
Come from two eggs
Genetically no more similar than ordinary siblings
Adoptive Children
Resemble biological parent personality (thinking, feeling, acting)
Resemble adoptive parent values, attitudes, manners, faith, politics

5. Temperament Studies Temperament Apparent soon after birth
Emotional excitability
Apparent soon after birth
Tends not to change even into adulthood
More heredity here than environment

6. Heritability Heritability Groups
How much the difference between people can be attributed to genes
Groups
Individual gene differences don’t necessarily explain differences in groups

7. Parents and peers
Prenatal (before birth) conditions can affect the child
Experience modifies the brain
Unused synapses degenerate (impoverished vs enriched environment)
Lacking visual experience early, prevents normal usage later even with surgery
Parents…
Influence manners, political & religious beliefs
Not so much influence on personality
Peers…
Attempt to fit in (conformity)
Influence cooperation and interaction

8. Cultural Influences Culture Cultural differences
Behaviors, ideas, values, traditions shared in a group
Cultural differences
Personal space
Expressing feelings
PDA
Pace of life
Educating & rearing children
Genes lead to culture change?
Nope – culture changes faster than genes

9. Cultural Influence
Individualism (Independence) vs Collectivism (Interdependence)
US, Canada, Western Europe value the individual & personal achievement
Many part of Asia and Africa value interdependence and tradition
Cultures may be different but genetic profiles are the same

10. Gender Development
Let’s read a book…

31. Info about the book… When do you think this was published?
Published in 1970
Intended as a satire

32. Gender Development Differences 45 Chromosomes are unisex Biologically
body fat
muscle,
height,
age of puberty
life expectancy
Psychologically
More women diagnosed w/depression
More men diagnosed antisocial personality disorder

33. Gender Development Aggression Social Power Social Connectedness
In many cultures & ages, men tend to be more aggressive
Social Power
Most societies are male dominant
Social Connectedness
Women tend and befriend
Men emphasize freedom and self-reliance
Nature of Gender
Biological sex determined by 23 pair of chromosomes
Mom=X Dad= X or Y
XX=Female XY=Male

34. Gender Development Nurture of Gender Gender Roles Gender Identity
Expectation of how men & women should behave
Gender Identity
One’s sense of being male or female
Social Learning Theory
Assumes gender behavior is learned (observed & imitated) though reward and punishment like
Gender Schema Theory
Proposes we learn a cultural “recipe” of how to be male/female and adjust behavior accordingly

35. Got time?
“Like a girl” video
Videos\P_G Do Things Like A Girl.mp4